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chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atom | the smallest basic unit of matter |
| element | one particular type of atom that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance |
| compound | a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio |
| ion | an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond between atoms formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| hydrogen bond | an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (often oxygen or nitrogen) |
| cohesion | the attraction among molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | the attraction among molecules of different substances |
| solution | a mixture of substances that is the same throughout (homogeneous mixture) |
| solvent | the substance that dissolves another substance; the substance that is present in the greater amount in a solution |
| solute | a substance that is dissolved; present in a smaller amount in a solution |
| acid | a compound that releases a proton (hydrogen ion) when is dissolves in water; has a pH lower than 7 |
| base | a compound that removes hydrogen ions from a solution; has a pH higher than 7 |
| pH | the measurement of a concentration's acidity |
| monomer | a single subunit in a complete molecule |
| polymer | a large molecule (or macromolecule) made of many monomers bonded together |
| carbohydrate | - sugars and starches |
| - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | |
| - Monomer =monosaccharide | |
| - quick energy; some storage | |
| - 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen; one sugar - monosaccharide; two sugars - disaccharide; many sugars - polysaccharide | |
| - test: benedict's reagent | |
| lipid | Name: fats, oil, waxes |
| Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | |
| Monomer: glycerol and 3 fatty acids | |
| Functions: storage, energy reserves, cell membranes | |
| Other Facts: insoluble in water, shaped life an elongated E | |
| Test: paper bag test | |
| fatty acids | chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms |
| protein | Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| Monomer: amino acid | |
| Functions: basic building blocks or living material; hair, muscles, fingernails; enzymes (speed up chemical reactions); transport in cell | |
| amino acids | molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur |
| nucleic acids | polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides |
| chemical reaction | a reaction that changes substances into other substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds |
| reactant | the substance changed during a chemical reaction |
| product | the substance made by a chemical reaction |
| bond energy | the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms |
| equilibrium | the state that is reached when bother the reactants and products are made at the same rate |
| activation energy | the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start |
| exothermic | the type of chemical reaction that releases more energy than is absorbs |
| endothermic | the type of chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases |
| catalyst | a substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and also increases the rate of the chemical reaction |
| enzyme | the catalyst for chemical reactions in living things |
| substrate | the specific reactant that an enzyme acts on |
| inorganic compounds | compounds that are not made by living things |
| organic compounds | carbon compounds made by living things; form covalent bonds |
| macromolecules | built by linking a set of building blocks (monomers) together into long chains (a polymer) |
| monomers | basic units that repeat over and over in organic compounds |
| polymers | made up of many, many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures) |
Created by:
WillReese2
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