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Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell theory | the major principles of this are: 1) all organisms are made of cells, 2) all existing cells are produced by other living cells, and 3) the cell is the most basic unit of life |
| cytoplasm | a jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks |
| organelle | structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell |
| prokaryotic cell | cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles |
| eukaryotic cell | cells that do have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles |
| cytoskeleton | a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell |
| nucleus | the storehouse for most of the genetic information (or DNA) in a cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an interconnected network of then folded membranes |
| ribosome | tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins |
| Golgi apparatus | closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins |
| vesicle | small membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell |
| mitochondrion | the powerhouse of the cell; supplies energy to the cell |
| vacuole | a fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by the cell |
| lysosome | membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes |
| centriole | cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle |
| cell wall | a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell (only present in plant cells) |
| chloroplast | organelles that carry out photosynthesis |
| cell membrane | the plasma membrane that forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell |
| phospholipid | a molecule composed of three basic part: a charged phosphate group, glycerol, and two fatty acid chains |
| fluid mosaic model | a model that describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane |
| selective permeability | the allowance of some but not all materials to cross |
| receptor | a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response |
| passive transport | the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| concentration gradient | the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another |
| osmosis | the process in which water molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration |
| isotonic | a type of solution that has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell |
| hypertonic | a type of solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell |
| hypotonic | a type of solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell |
| facilitated diffusion | the diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins |
| active transport | transport that drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration |
| endocytosis | the process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane |
| phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles |
| exocytosis | the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane |
Created by:
WillReese2
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