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OBI Drugs Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Penicillin G | beta-lactam that inhibits PBP; by injection only covers anaerobes but not Gram - |
| Penicillin V | beta-lactam that inhibits PBP; given orally covers anaerobes but not Gram - |
| Amoxicillin | extended spectrum beta-lactam; improved Gram - coverage |
| Ampicillin | extended spectrum beta-lactam, take around meals; improved Gram - coverage |
| Clavulanic acid | beta-lactamase inhibitor, used in combination with other beta-lactams; extends spectrum of penicillins to include more Gram - |
| Cephalexin | inhibits cross-linking by PBPs; good for odontogenic infects, covers Gram +, Gram - and anaerobes |
| Doxycycline | binds to 30S ribosomal subunit to stop addition of next amino acid by prohibiting tRNA from binding; antibiotic of choice for intracellular and spirochetes |
| Clindamycin | binds to 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of next amino acid; covers Gram + and anaerobes |
| Azithromycin | binds to 50S ribosomal subunit and stalls translocation by blocking exit tunnel; covers Gram + and intracellular bacteria, IE prophylaxis |
| Moxifloxacin | binds to topoisomerase and fragments DNA; bactericidal, used for respiratory infections with Strep pneumonia and Mycoplasma |
| Metronidazole | fragments DNA, narrow spectrum; anaerobic infections and C. diff |
| Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim | deplete folate and synthesis of nucleic acids; fragments DNA, narrow spectrum, bactericidal, covers UTIs, pneumonia, community-acquired MRSA |
| Regular insulin | translocation of GLUT4 receptors to cell surface; fast-acting, peaks in 2-4 hours |
| Glimepride and Nateglinide | blocks ATP-dependent K channels to make more insulin; T2DM add-on therapy |
| Metformin | lowers hepatic glucose production by lowering glucagon; T2DM first-line therapy and oral cancers |
| Acarbose | inhibits alpha-glucosidase so carbohydrates are not absorbed by brush border in intestine; T1&2DM, lowers glucose levels after meals |
| Pioglitazone | 'insulin sensitizer'; increases GLUT4 receptors in muscle and adipose tissue and lowers glucagon in liver -also stores FFA's via PPAR |
| Sitaglipin | prolongs GLP-1 action to promote first phase insulin secretion during meals |
| Canagliflozin | blocks SGLT2 in kidney to block glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule |
| Phenytoin | selective Na-channel blocker; treats all seizures except absence, gingival overgrowth |
| Carbamazepine | selective Na-channel blocker; treats tonic-clonic, focal, and trigeminal neuralgia |
| Valproic Acid | Na-channel blocker, weak Ca-channel blocker; multiple seizure disorder, migraines, bipolar disorder |
| Ethosuximide | Ca-channel blocker in thalamus; only treats absence seizures, causes bone marrow depression |
| Levetiracetam | binds to SV2A so vesicles not released by presynaptic neurons; treats tonic-clonic and focal seizures |
| Pregabalin | decreases expression of presynaptic Ca channels; treats focal seizures and chronic pain disorders |
| Paclitaxel | promotes microtubule polymerization so cells are arrested in mitosis; cancer drug that is inactivated by CYP450s |
| Doxorubicin | inhibits topoisomerase II to fragment DNA; useful for blood cancers and solid tumors but generates ROS's |
| Cyclophosphamide | alkylates cell components to damage DNA; used for cancers and transplant rejections (CYP450) |
| Methotrexate | inhibits DHFR to block tetrahydrofolate for nucleotide synthesis; used for cancers, arthritis, psoriasis but highly protein bound and displaced by phenytoin and sulfonamides |
| 5-Fluorouracil | inhibits RNA function and pyrimidine formation; cancer drug |
| Tamoxifen | inhibitor and partial agonist of estrogen receptor; for ER+ breast cancers |
| Anastrozole | inhibits aromatase that makes estradiol for ER+ breast cancers |
| Leuprolide | resembles RnRH cousing surge in LH/FSH and decrease in testosterone; treats prostate cancer |
| Cisplatin | cross-links and alkylates DNA; primary drug for treatment of lung cancer |
| Trastuzumab | antibody fragment that disrupts HER-2/neu, a receptor that develops in cancers after first line therapy |
| Ipilimumab | blocks CTLA4 to activate cytotoxic T-cells; inhibits tumor growth, melanoma but very expensive |
| Teriparatide | N-terminal of PTH, increases osteoblast activity; high fracture-risk patients |
| Alondronate | BP, disrupts osteoclasts; oral, for osteoporosis |
| Zoledronic Acid | BP, disrupts osteoclasts; by injection only and more potent, for bone metastases |
| Denosumab | mimics OPG that prevents RANKL from binding to RANK and activating osteoclasts; used for bone metastases pain and hypercalcemia |
| L-DOPA:carbidopa | dopamine supplement, crosses BBB; treatment of Parkinson's disease |
| Pramipexole | dopamine agonist; for mild PD or adjunctive |
| Entacapone | COMT inhibitor, reduces degradation of L-DOPA in periphery so more can get to CNS for PD -caution with epinephrine |
| Selegiline | irreversible MAO-B inhibitor, reduces dopamine degradation in CNS -caution with epinephrine |
| Olanzapine/Clozapine | 2nd generation antipsychotics; alleviates positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia with fewer side effects |
| Chlorpromazine/Halopendol | 1st generation antipsychotics; alleviates more positive symptoms with many adverse effects |
| Diazepam, Triazolam, Midazolam | bind GABA receptor to open Cl channel and inhibit cell transmission; conscious sedation, insomnia, anxiety |
| Flumazenil | competitive inhibitor of BDZs; reversal of BDZ sedation and overdose |
| Escitalopram | SSRI; treats depression and anxiety |
| Fluoxetine | SSRI with some norepinephrine reuptake inhibition; treats depression, OCD, panic disorder |
| Bupropion | atypical antidepressant, inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake; no serotonergic effects, treats depression and nicotine withdrawal |
| Mirtazapine | atypical antidepressant, blocks alpha-2 adrenergic, H1 histaminergics and serotonin reuptake; antidepressant without serotonergic effects |
| Amitryptiline | TCA, blocks serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, Na, alpha-1, H1 and M1 channels; treats depression and neuropathic pain |
| Cimetidine, birth control, Verapamil, Diltiazem, anti-fungals, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin | inhabited BDZ metabolism |
| Anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, St. John's Wort | induce BDZ metabolism |
Created by:
aharnold
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