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Biology
Chapter 29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| charophytes | green algae that are the closest relatives of land plants |
| traits land plants share with charophytes | rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm, formation of a phragmoplast |
| sporopollenin | a layer of a durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out |
| five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes | alternation of generations, multicellular, dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, apical meristems |
| alternation of generations | a reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages |
| gametophyte | haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis |
| diploid sporophyte | which produces haploid spores by meiosis |
| sporangia | spores in organs produced by sporophyte |
| sporocytes | diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores |
| gametangia | organs that are produced within gametes |
| archegonia | female gametangia that produce eggs and are the site of fertilization |
| antheridia | male gametangia that produce and release sperm |
| apical meristems | where plants sustain continual growth |
| cuticle | a waxy covering of the epidermis |
| stomata | specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant |
| lycophytes | club mosses and their relatives |
| monilophytes | ferns and their relatives |
| seed | an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat |
| gymnosperms | the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers |
| angiosperms | the flowering plants |
| liverworts | phylum Hepatophyta |
| mosses | phylum Bryophyta |
| hornworts | phylum Anthocerophyta |
| rhizoids | anchor gametophytes to substrate |
| xylem | conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids |
| lignin | strengthen water-conducting cells are and provide structural support |
| phloem | has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
| roots | organs that anchor vascular plants |
| leaves | organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis |
| microphylls | leaves with a single vein |
| megaphylls | leaves with a highly branched vascular system |
| sporophylls | modified leaves with sporangia |
| sori | clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls |
| strobili | cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls |
| heterosporous | all seed plants and some seedless vascular plants |
| Phylum Lycophyta | includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts |
| Phylum Monilophyta | includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives |
Created by:
danat214
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