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Bio. ch.8 vocab
biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| having a number of chromosomes that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number for that species | aneuploid |
| a group of diseases that involve abnormal, uncontrolled growth and division of cells | cancer |
| an ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell, composed of mitosis (M) and interphase growth and DNA synthesis phases (G1, S, and G2) | cell cycle |
| an abrupt halt in the cell cycle when proteins detect mistakes or damage in DNA that needs to be repaired | cell-cycle arrest |
| the specialized region of a chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attaches to the spindle in mitosis | centromere |
| in eukaryotes, the chromosomal material (DNA and associated proteins) as it ordinarily appears in a cell's nucleus, with individual chromosomes indistinct | chromatin |
| separation of the sister chromatids during mitosis in which each new nucleus receives one copy of each chromosome | chromosome segregation |
| a group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle | cyclins |
| the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division | cytokinesis |
| an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a new DNA strand using one of the original strands as a template | DNA polymerase |
| a DNA-repair process where enzymes remove a damaged portion of DNA, synthesize a replacement section in place, and attach it to the neighboring DNA segments | excision repair |
| a resting stage of the cell cycle in which DNA replication and cell division stop | G0 phase |
| the first growth phase of the cell cycle starting just after offspring cells form | G1 phase |
| the first growth phase of the cell cycle starting just after offspring cells form | G2 phase |
| the parts of the eukaryotic cell cycle between cell divisions consisting of growth and DNA synthesis phases, G1, S, and G2 | interphase |
| a disklike structure on the centromere; links chromosomes to the mitotic spindle | kinetochore |
| mitosis; the phase of the cell cycle during which mitosis (nuclear division) occurs | M |
| the stage in mitosis and meiosis in which chromosomes move to the center of the spindle, an array of microtubules, and become attached to it | metaphase |
| during nuclear division, an imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindle's two poles | metaphase plate |
| the spread of cancer cells from their original site to other parts of the body, forming new tumors at distant sites | metastasis |
| the spread of cancer cells from their original site to other parts of the body, forming new tumors at distant sites | metastasis |
| the process that distributes a copy of each chromosome to each new cell during eukaryotic cell division | mitosis |
| structure made up of microtubules and proteins, divides the chromatids during nuclear division | mitotic spindle |
| causing changes, or mutations, in DNA | mutagenic |
| a structural change in a gene, a chromosome, or another genetic unit | mutation |
| the division of a cell's nucleus, as in mitosis and meiosis | nuclear division |
| the basic package of chromatin in eukaryotes made up of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins | nucleosome |
| the stage in mitosis during which replicated strands of chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope (the membrane around the nucleus) begins to disappear, and a spindle forms | prophase |
| gene that regulates cell division in eukaryotic cells; mutations in proto-oncogenes can produce oncogenes, genes having the potential to produce changes in cellular metabolism, leading to cancerous growth | proto-oncogene |
| specific sequence of DNA at which DNA synthesis begins | replication origin |
| a complex of DNA polymerase and other enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA | replisome |
| a point of no return in the cell cycle; once this point passes, a cell is committed to a full round of the cell cycle | restriction point |
| synthesis of DNA; the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA, in the form of chromosomes, is duplicated | S |
| the replicated copies of a chromosome that are joined by a centromere and that separate during nuclear division | sister chromatids |
| one of two cellular regions at the tips of the mitotic spindle, where the daughter nuclei form during mitosis | spindle pole |
| the final stage in mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II characterized by two new nuclei forming at opposite ends of the cell; frequently followed by cytokinesis (cell division) | telophase |
| a gene that inhibits the growth of tumors; deletion or inactivation of such a gene can result in cancer | tumor suppressor |
Created by:
kiwideranger
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