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Honors Bio H.W #3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | a substance that releases hydrogen ions when it is dissolved in water |
| Acidic | when the concentration of the H^+ exceeds the concentration of the OH^- |
| Antioxidant | molecules that react with free radicals and render them harmless] |
| Atom | the fundamental structural units of matter |
| Atomic nucleus | the central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nuclei of all atoms of a particular element |
| Base | a substance that combines with hydrogen ions, reducing their number |
| Basic | when the concentration of OH^- is greater than the concentration of H^+ |
| Buffer | a compound that minimizes changes in pH by reversibly taking up or releasing H+ ions |
| Calorie | a unit of energy, in which the energy content of foods is measured; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius; also called a kilocalorie, equal to 1000 calories |
| Chemical Bond | the force of attraction between neighboring atoms that holds them together in a molecule |
| Chemical Reaction | the process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together |
| Cohesion | the tendency of the molecules of a substance to stick together |
| Compound | a substance whose molecules are formed by different types of atoms; can be broken into its constituent elements by chemical means |
| Covalent Bond | a chemical bond between atoms in which electrons are shared |
| Electron | a subatomic particle, found in an electron shell outside the nucleus of an atom, that bears a unit of negative charge and very little mass |
| Electronic Shell | a region within which electrons orbit that corresponds to a fixed energy level at a given distance |
| Element | a substance that cannot be broken down, or converted, to a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. The four most common elements are Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Carbon (C) |
| Free Radical | a molecule with an unpaired electron, which makes it highly unstable and reactive with nearby molecules. By stealing an electron from the molecule it attacks, it creates a new free radical and begins a chain reactions that can lead to the destruction of b |
| Hydrogen Bond | the weak attraction between a hydrogen atom that bears a partial positive charge (due to polar covalent bonding with another atom) and another atom, normally oxygen or nitrogen, that bears a partial negative charge; hydrogen bonds may form between atoms o |
| Hydrophilic | pertaining to a substance that dissolves readily in water or to parts of a large molecule that form hydrogen bonds with water. One example of a hydrophilic substance is soap, which easily dissolves in water |
| Hydrophobic | pertaining to a substance that does not dissolve in water. One example of a hydrophobic substance is oil, which does not mix with water when it is poured into water. |
| Hydrophobic Interaction | the tendency for hydrophobic molecules to cluster together when immersed in water |
| Ion | a charged atom or molecule; an atom or molecule that has either an excess of electrons (and hence is negatively charged) or has lost electrons (and is positively charged) |
| Ionic Bond | a chemical bond formed by the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions |
| Isotope | one of several forms of a single element, the nuclei of which contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| Molecule | a particle composed of one or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; the smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound |
| Neutron | a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms, bears no charge, and has a mass approximately equal to that of a proton. |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | a covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons. |
| pH scale | a scale with values from 0 to 14, used for measuring the relative acidity of a a solution. |
| Proton | a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms, bears a unit of positive charge, and has a relatively large mass, roughly equal to the mass of the neutron. |
| Radioactive | pertaining to an atom with an unstable nucleus that spontaneously disintegrates, with the emission of radiation. |
| Polar covalent bond | a covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons, such that the one atom is relatively negative and the other is relatively positive. |
| Solvent | able to dissolve other substances. For example, if there is someone is making lemonade from a lemonade mix, the water is the solvent because it dissolves the lemonade mix. |
| Surface tension | the property of a liquid to resist penetration by objects at its interface with the air, due to cohesion between molecules of liquid. |
Created by:
maddieereynolds
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