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Chap 2 (CH&H, 2007)
Chapter 2 Key Terms (Cooper et al., 2007)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antecedent | Environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior |
| Automaticity of reinforcement | Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness |
| Aversive stimulus | Condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior |
| Behavior | Activity of living organisms |
| Behavior change tactic | Intervention derived from one or more principles of behavior and possesses sufficient generality |
| Conditioned punisher | Neutral stimulus change functions as a punisher because it has been paired with one or more other punishers |
| Conditioned reflex | Learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits |
| Conditioned reinforcer | Stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with other reinforcers |
| Conditioned stimulus | Neutral stimulus that's been paired with an unconditioned stimulus and now elicits respondent behavior |
| Consequence | Stimulus change following a behavior |
| Contingency | Dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables |
| Contingent | Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred |
| Deprivation | State of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has contacted a particular type of reinforcer |
| Discriminated operant | Operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
| Discriminative stimulus | Stimulus for which some type of response has been reinforced, and in its absence, the same response has not been reinforced |
| Environment | Real circumstances in which the organism exists |
| Habituation | Decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentation of a stimulus |
| Higher order conditioning | Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus |
| History of reinforcement | Learning experiences and past conditioning of an organism |
| Motivating operation | Environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effects of a stimulus, and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus |
| Negative reinforcement | Occurs when a behavior is followed by the termination (or reduction in intensity) resulting in an increase in the future probability of the behavior |
| Neutral stimulus | Stimulus that does not elicit respondent behavior |
| Ontogeny | History of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
| Operant behavior | Behavior that is selected/maintained/brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences |
| Operant conditioning | Basic process by which operant learning occurs: events following behavior results in an increase (reinforcement) or decrease (punishment) in the frequency of the same type of behavior |
| Operant extinction | Discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior, the effect of which is a decrease in the frequency of the targeted behavior |
| Phylogeny | History of the natural evolution of a species |
| Positive reinforcement | When a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior |
| Principle of behavior | Describes a functional relationship between behavior and its controlling variables |
| Punisher | Stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
| Punishment | When the stimulus change immediately following a behavior decreases its future frequency |
| Reflex | Relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits |
| Reinforcement | Stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of the response |
| Reinforcer | Stimulus that increases the future frequency of behavior |
| Repertoire | All of the behaviors a person can do |
| Respondent behavior | Behavior that is elicited or induced by an antecedent stimulus |
| Respondent conditioning | Neutral stimulus is presented alongside an US until the neutral stimulus becomes a CS that elicits the CR |
| Respondent extinction | Repeated presentation of a CS in the absence of the US, whereby the CS loses its ability to elicit the CR |
| Response | Instance or occurrence of a behavior |
| Response class | Group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment |
| Satiation | Decrease in the frequency of behavior as a result of continued contact with a reinforcer |
| Selection by consequences | Fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; behavior are selected/shaped/maintained by their consequences |
| Stimulus | Energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells |
| Stimulus class | Group of stimuli that share common elements (formal/temporal/functional) |
| Stimulus control | Situation in which the frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus |
| Stimulus-stimulus pairing | Stimuli are presented together resulting in one stimulus acquiring the function of another stimulus |
| Three-term contingency | Basic unit of analysis of operant behavior |
| Unconditioned punisher | Stimulus that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with that stimulus |
| Unconditioned reinforcer | Stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with that stimulus |
| Unconditioned stimulus | Stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning |
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rstromer
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