Chapter 2 Key Terms (Cooper et al., 2007)
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| Antecedent | Environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior
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| Automaticity of reinforcement | Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness
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| Aversive stimulus | Condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior
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| Behavior | Activity of living organisms
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| Behavior change tactic | Intervention derived from one or more principles of behavior and possesses sufficient generality
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| Conditioned punisher | Neutral stimulus change functions as a punisher because it has been paired with one or more other punishers
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| Conditioned reflex | Learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits
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| Conditioned reinforcer | Stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with other reinforcers
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| Conditioned stimulus | Neutral stimulus that's been paired with an unconditioned stimulus and now elicits respondent behavior
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| Consequence | Stimulus change following a behavior
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| Contingency | Dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables
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| Contingent | Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred
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| Deprivation | State of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has contacted a particular type of reinforcer
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| Discriminated operant | Operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others
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| Discriminative stimulus | Stimulus for which some type of response has been reinforced, and in its absence, the same response has not been reinforced
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| Environment | Real circumstances in which the organism exists
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| Habituation | Decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentation of a stimulus
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| Higher order conditioning | Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
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| History of reinforcement | Learning experiences and past conditioning of an organism
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| Motivating operation | Environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effects of a stimulus, and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus
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| Negative reinforcement | Occurs when a behavior is followed by the termination (or reduction in intensity) resulting in an increase in the future probability of the behavior
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| Neutral stimulus | Stimulus that does not elicit respondent behavior
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| Ontogeny | History of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime
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| Operant behavior | Behavior that is selected/maintained/brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences
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| Operant conditioning | Basic process by which operant learning occurs: events following behavior results in an increase (reinforcement) or decrease (punishment) in the frequency of the same type of behavior
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| Operant extinction | Discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior, the effect of which is a decrease in the frequency of the targeted behavior
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| Phylogeny | History of the natural evolution of a species
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| Positive reinforcement | When a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior
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| Principle of behavior | Describes a functional relationship between behavior and its controlling variables
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| Punisher | Stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
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| Punishment | When the stimulus change immediately following a behavior decreases its future frequency
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| Reflex | Relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits
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| Reinforcement | Stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of the response
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| Reinforcer | Stimulus that increases the future frequency of behavior
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| Repertoire | All of the behaviors a person can do
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| Respondent behavior | Behavior that is elicited or induced by an antecedent stimulus
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| Respondent conditioning | Neutral stimulus is presented alongside an US until the neutral stimulus becomes a CS that elicits the CR
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| Respondent extinction | Repeated presentation of a CS in the absence of the US, whereby the CS loses its ability to elicit the CR
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| Response | Instance or occurrence of a behavior
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| Response class | Group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment
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| Satiation | Decrease in the frequency of behavior as a result of continued contact with a reinforcer
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| Selection by consequences | Fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; behavior are selected/shaped/maintained by their consequences
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| Stimulus | Energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells
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| Stimulus class | Group of stimuli that share common elements (formal/temporal/functional)
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| Stimulus control | Situation in which the frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus
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| Stimulus-stimulus pairing | Stimuli are presented together resulting in one stimulus acquiring the function of another stimulus
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| Three-term contingency | Basic unit of analysis of operant behavior
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| Unconditioned punisher | Stimulus that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with that stimulus
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| Unconditioned reinforcer | Stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with that stimulus
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| Unconditioned stimulus | Stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning
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