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bio ch 8 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aneuploid | having a number of chromosomes that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number for that species |
| cancer | a group of diseases that involve abnormal, uncontrolled growth and division of cells |
| cell cycle | an ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell, composed of mitosis (M) and interphase growth and DNA synthesis phases (G1, S, and G2) |
| cell-cycle arrest | an abrupt halt in the cell cycle when proteins detect mistakes or damage in DNA that needs to be repaired |
| centromere | the specialized region of a chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attaches to the spindle in mitosis |
| chromatin | in eukaryotes, the chromosomal material (DNA and associated proteins) as it ordinarily appears in a cell's nucleus, with individual chromosomes indistinct |
| chromosome segregation | separation of the sister chromatids during mitosis in which each new nucleus receives one copy of each chromosome |
| cyclins | a group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division |
| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a new DNA strand using one of the original strands as a template |
| excision repair | a DNA-repair process where enzymes remove a damaged portion of DNA, synthesize a replacement section in place, and attach it to the neighboring DNA segments |
| G0 phase | a resting stage of the cell cycle in which DNA replication and cell division stop |
| G1 phase | the first growth phase of the cell cycle starting just after offspring cells form |
| G2 phase | the first growth phase of the cell cycle starting just after offspring cells form |
| interphase | the parts of the eukaryotic cell cycle between cell divisions consisting of growth and DNA synthesis phases, G1, S, and G2 |
| kinetochore | a disklike structure on the centromere; links chromosomes to the mitotic spindle |
| M | mitosis; the phase of the cell cycle during which mitosis (nuclear division) occurs |
| metaphase | the stage in mitosis and meiosis in which chromosomes move to the center of the spindle, an array of microtubules, and become attached to it |
| metaphase plate | during nuclear division, an imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindle's two poles |
| metastasis | the spread of cancer cells from their original site to other parts of the body, forming new tumors at distant sites |
| mitosis | the process that distributes a copy of each chromosome to each new cell during eukaryotic cell division |
| mitotic spindle | structure made up of microtubules and proteins, divides the chromatids during nuclear division |
| mutagenic | causing changes, or mutations, in DNA |
| mutations | a structural change in a gene, a chromosome, or another genetic unit |
| nuclear division | the division of a cell's nucleus, as in mitosis and meiosis |
| nucleosome | the basic package of chromatin in eukaryotes made up of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins |
| prophase | the stage in mitosis during which replicated strands of chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope (the membrane around the nucleus) begins to disappear, and a spindle forms |
| proto-oncogene | gene that regulates cell division in eukaryotic cells; mutations in proto-oncogenes can produce oncogenes, genes having the potential to produce changes in cellular metabolism, leading to cancerous growth |
| replication origin | specific sequence of DNA at which DNA synthesis begins |
| replisome | a complex of DNA polymerase and other enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA |
| restriction point | a point of no return in the cell cycle; once this point passes, a cell is committed to a full round of the cell cycle |
| S | synthesis of DNA; the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA, in the form of chromosomes, is duplicated |
| sister chromatids | the replicated copies of a chromosome that are joined by a centromere and that separate during nuclear division |
| spindle pole | one of two cellular regions at the tips of the mitotic spindle, where the daughter nuclei form during mitosis |
| telophase | the final stage in mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II characterized by two new nuclei forming at opposite ends of the cell; frequently followed by cytokinesis (cell division) |
| tumor suppressor | a gene that inhibits the growth of tumors; deletion or inactivation of such a gene can result in cancer |
Created by:
CassTrav
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