Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Viticulture - V
Site Selection and Climate
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What factors favor finer grape production? | Limited soil fertility, good soil drainage, medium-to-low rainfall. |
| "Heavy" soils have a high concentration of what? | Clay. |
| "Light" soils have a high concentration of what? | Sand. |
| What affects the rate of capillary flow most? | Pore diameter. |
| The organic components in soil structure are referred to as what? | Humus. |
| How does organic content improve the soil? | Water retention, permeability, enhanced aggregate structure and nutrient supply. |
| List some beneficial topographic influences: | sunward-angle creates better exposure for heat and photosynthesis, enhanced and earlier soil warming, diminished frost severity, and improved drainage. |
| The net benefit of a sloped site depends on: | Inclination, aspect, latitude, soil type, cultivar, and viticultural practices. |
| Site selection factors include: | GDD, temperature, rainfall, wind, sunshine hours, altitude, slope, and soil type. |
| Terroir is described by factors such as: | Climate, soil, geology, culture. |
| What is unique about Washington's terroir? | Climate, ice-age geological events, soils. |
| GDDs in Washington average: | 2000 - 3200 GDDs. |
| Is the growing season in WA short, medium, or long? | Long. |
| What else is unique about WA climate? | Good air/water draininage, soil moisture deficit during growing season - irrigation. |
| What is the formula for GDD? | GDD = [(max-min)F/2]-50. Growth is between 50 and 95F. |
| In which two AVAs do we see the most variation in average rainfall? | Columbia Gorge and Walla Walla. |
| WA's SW winds affect which viticultural practices? | Row orientation, pest pressure, vine stress, irrigation, pruning/thinning. |
| How does the wind affect row orientation? | May need to create windbreaks, rows are oriented with respect to slope and sunlight. |
| How does the wind affect pest pressure? | More wind, fewer pests. |
| How does the wind affect vine stress? | More wind, increased vine stress. |
| How does the wind affect pruning? | More natural thinning occurs as a result of increased winds. Also, in high wind areas, more crop on the vine may be subject to wind-induced abrasions of the fruit, which prematurely oxidizes the fruit. |
| Predominant ice age events in WA include: | Glacial sculpting and boulders, epic flood carving valleys, creating soil deposits, wind-creating loess soils, and volcanic ash in soils. |
| Topgraphical site characteristics include: | Slope, air drainage, soil, proximity to large body of water. |
| Moderate undulating slopes add how many GDDs? | 50. |
| Steep slopes, free standing hills add how many GDDs? | 100. |
| Slopes facing the sun add how many GDDs? | 100. |
| Stony/rocky/calcareous soil adds how many GDDs? | 50. |
| What is the most important factor in premium wine grape production? | Varietal selection. |
| For lighter-bodied to full-bodies styles, which factors trend? | Lighter-bodied styles requires less sunshine hours, less average temp, more RH, less rainfall, less TVI. |
| Name four early-ripening grapes: | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, and Viognier. |
| Name two late-ripening grapes. | Mourvedre and Petit Verdot. |
| Name two early-mid ripening grapes. | Semillon and Syrah. |
| Name four mid-ripening grapes. | Merlot, Zinfandel, Riesling, Grenache. |
| Name two mid-late ripening grapes. | Cab Franc and Cab Sauv. |
| Which takes longer to ripen - Riesling or Pinot Noir? | Riesling. |
| What do clay, silt, and sand soils feel like? | Clay soils make a ribbon, silty soils have a smooth feel with a little grit, sandy soils are very gritty. |
| Particle sizes: | Clay (<0.002mm), Silt (0.002 - 0.05mm), Sand (0.05 - 2mm), Gravel (2 - 76mm), Cobbles (76 - 250mm), Stones (>250mm) |
| Why is soil texture important? | It affects soil structure (aggregate), and soil porosity (water, O2, root penetration). |
| What is the difference between macropores and micropores? | Macropores are mostly air, micropores are mostly water. |
| Describe capillary action. | The surface tension of water overcomes gravity, allowing water to move in different directions through the soil. In sandy soil, there are more macropores, and so water passes through more quickly (gravitationally). |
| What is potential energy? | The amount of work that can be done by a body, due to energy stored within it. |
| With respect to potential energy, how does water move? | From high-energy to low-energy. From high water content to low water content. |
| When water is applied to a soil surface, which two directions does it go? | Surface runoff, and infiltration into the soil. |
| What five factors affect soil filtration? | Time, initial water content, hydraulic conductivity, soil surface conditions, presence of impeding layers (hardpan) in the soil. |
| Does infiltration rate increase or decrease with time? | Decreases. |
| Why might infiltration rate decrease with time? | Surface crusting, clay swelling, air entrapment/compression, decrease in suction. |
| What kind of layers influence infiltration? | Surface layers, subsurface layers,changes in density and texture, layer thickness. |
| What is meant by "Field Capacity" | the amount of water left in the soil after gravitational drainage. |
| What is meant by "Permanent Wilting Point"? | In a low moisture content situation, when soil forces holding water exceed root forces. |
| What two factors can be used to control infiltration rate? | Surafce roughness, and amount of water applied. |
| Why is subsurface water storage rare in Eastern WA? | Lack of clay content in the soils. |
| What factors affect how irrigation is applied? | Type and texture of soils, water holding-capacity. |
| Why is it best to keep the water just at plant availability? | Too much water is wasted and expensive, not enough will deprive the plant of growth, although a little bit of water stress is best. |
| What is "Fertigation"? | Is is fertilizer/nutrients introduced through the irrigation channel. |
| When do plants need the most nutrients? | At the beginning of the growth phase (just like children). |
| What are the nine primary nutrients required by the plant? | C, H, O, N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca. |
| What are the seven secondary nutrients required by the plant? | B, Mn, Cl, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo. |
| Why do we care about the quality and quantity of plant nutrients? | Quantity is the amount that is in the soil, and quality is the amount that is in useable form by the plant. |
| pH is measured on what kind of scale? | Logarithmic, 0-14, where 0 is battery acid, 7 is water, and 14 is drain cleaner. |
| What kind of pH level in soil is desired by plants? | Slightly acidic - 5 -6. |
| Waht is the soil pH in Eastern WA? | 7-8, slightly basic. |
| For slightly basic soils, which nutrients will be less available to the plant? | B, Fe, Cu, Z, P. |
| What is a cation? | A + charged ion (anion is a - charged ion). |
| Organic matter and clays have mostly which kind of charge? | Negative - they attract cations. |
| How do ions move from the soil to the plant? | Plant H+ ions are exchanged with cations such as Ca, in order to meet nutritional needs. Humus and clay are negatively charged, and so they attract lots of nutritional cation particles. |
| How does soil moisture influence nutrient uptake? | Root tension vs. soil moisture tension, and nutrient concentration effects in soil vs. root. |
| What are the two methods of nutrient movement in soil water? | mass flow and diffusion. Mass flow moves the nutrients in the same concentration as the water; diffusion moves from high concentration to low concentration. |
| What role does N play in vine development? | It is needed for growth of new tissues (leaves, fruit, buds, wood/roots). |
| What parts of the plant have high amounts of N? | All plant components, with high concentrations in leaves, lower amoutns in shoots/roots, and present in fruit and seeds. |
| How does N concentration in plant parts change throughout the season? | At veraison, more N is directed to the fruit. During vegetative growth, there is more N going to the leaves, with the remainder roughly equal between S, R, and F. Between veraison and harvest, there is an increased amount of N delivered to the fruit. |
| What effect would an oversupply of N have? | Increased vigor, with efects of overgrowth and shading. |
| How does P affect vine growth and development? | It is part of the structure of the genetic material, and also converts the photosynthates into a usuable energy source for the plant. |
| Which part of the plants need more P? | Seeds and buds (growing parts). |
Created by:
KellyBarry
Popular Earth Science sets