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Embryo 2- PCC
Second lecture exam - embryo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does increase in progesterone cause? | 1. Decrease in smooth muscle tone 2. Decrease in vascular tone |
| How many grams of high quality protein does the mother need per day? | 80-100 g |
| What is a common deficientcy with mothers who are vegetarian? | Vitamin B12 |
| How do we up our intake of vitamin B12? | 1. Fish 2. Eggs 3. Raw milk 4. B12 Vitamin Supplement |
| What complications can arise form malnutrion suring pregancy? | 1. Metabolic toxemia of late pregnancy 2. Premature seperation of placenta 3. Infection and anemia 4. Premature labor and delivery 5. Still born 6. Prolonged and difficult labor 7. Lowered birth weight 8. Prematurity 8. Infection 10. Hypoglycemia |
| What type of birth defects can be associated with malnutrition? | 1. Cerebral Palsy 2. Epilepsy 3. Hyperactivity 4. Learning difficulties |
| What are the signs of preeclampsia? | 1. Headache 2. Edema 3. Hypertension 4. Proteinuria |
| What can we do to help prevent preeclampsia? | 80 to 100 g of high quality protein per day |
| A deficit in follic acid can lead to what? | Neural tube defects |
| How much follic acid do we need per day? | 400 micrograms |
| Where can we get follic acid? | Whole grains, citrus fruit, dark leafy veggies |
| What is one of the significant determinants of hight when it comes to the fetus? | Pre-natal sunlight |
| Why is vitamin D important? | It can prevent birth deffects such as brain damage or learning dissabilities |
| What did Lancer find in relation to children who had lacked vitamin D while in the womb? | They had weaker bones when the were 9 compared to children who had had adaquate vitamin D in the womb. |
| Can birth weight predict bone mass later on in life? | Yes, low birth weight is associated to double the risk of hip fractures 60 years later. |
| Is it important to look at vitamin and nutrient consumption from the time the fetus starts to form to the last days of your life? | Yes!! |
| What are the 3 germ layers | 1. Ectoderm 2. Mesaoderm 3. Endoderm |
| What is the function of the 3 germ layers? | Give rise to all the tissues and organs of the embryo |
| Irganogenisis | The cells of each germ layer devide, migrate and differenciate to form various organs. |
| Neural Plate | Becomes elongates and slipper shaped on the 17th day of development |
| Neural Fold and groove | On the 19th day, the edge of the neural plate becomes elevates and forms a nerual fold. |
| Neural Tube | The folds from the neural fold come together to form the neural tube. |
| The neural tube differenciates into what? | 1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord |
| Neural Crest Cells | The cells of the neural tube proliferate and become the neural crest cells. They form the sensory ganglia, the medulla on the adrenal gland and pigment cells. |
| Notochord | Holds the structure of the embryo before the vertebral column is developed |
| Paraxial mesoderm | Body mesoderm on the 17th day thickens on both sides of the notochord. |
| Somite | 21st day of developement the paraxial mesoderm breaks up into paired segmental blocks. 42 to 44 pairs of somites are made. |
| Occipital somites | 4 pairs |
| Cervical Somites | 8 pairs |
| Thoracic Somites | 12 pairs |
| Lumbar Somites | 5 pairs |
| Sacral Somites | 5 pairs |
| Coccygeal Somites | 8 to 10 pairs |
| Sclerotome | Cells forming the ventromedial wall of the somite loose their epithelial shape and become amorphous surrounding the notochord and the neural tube. |
| Dermatome | Outer layer of the sclerotome. Forms the dermis of the skin |
| Myotome | Inner layer of the sclerotome which forms the skeletal muscles of the neck and trunk. |
| Intermediate mesoderm | The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the urinogential system including the gonads, ducts and glands |
| Lateral mesoderm | This mesoderm differentiates in 2 layers and the space between them is call the coelom. It has a somatic and splanchnic layer |
| Coelom | Space between the two layers of the lateral mesoderm |
| Somatic layer of lateral mesoderm | The layer next to the ectoderm |
| Splanchnic layer of lateral mesoderm | The layer close to the endoderm |
| Amniocentesis | Happens in the 16th week of developpement. Sampling of the amniotic fluid. |
| Generally considered indications for amniocenthesis are what? | 1. Late maternal age 2. Previous birth with chromosomal abnormalities 3. Carrier of an inborn metabolic dissorder 4. Family history of defects related to development |
| Ultrasonography | Happens after the 8th week of gestation. Uses ultrasound in observing details of the fetus. Major tool in diagnosis of cogenital malformation |
| Fetoscopy | Happens 20 weeks after conception. Higher risk for spontaneous fetal abortion. Uses fiberoptics to directly scan the fetus. |
| Fetography and amniography | Uses radiopaque substances. The oil soluble substance which is injected into the aminiotic cavity is absorbed by the vernix caseosa which then outlines the external features of the fetus. |
| Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Happens after 8 weeks of gestation. A biopsy of the chorionic tissue is made by trancervical aspiration. Carries some risk for spontaneous fetal abortion. The advantages include easy sampling, non-tranabdominal and availibility of deviding cells. |
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | Alpha fetoprotein of unknown function and specific to the fetus are used in the prenatal diagnosis. Synthesized in the yolk sac, fetal gastrointestinal tract and liver. Reaches it's peak production by 12-14 weeks of development. |
| How do levels of AFP vary? | They are higher in multiple gestation, fetal death, nerual tube defects, duodenal atresia, fetal bleeding, omphalocoele, Turner's syndrome and triploidy. They are lower in trisomy 21 babies. |
| Planceta | Formed by both embryonic chorion and maternal uterine tissue. Exchange of nutrients, osygen and waste between maternal and fetal systems. |
| Chorion | The chorion is one of the membranes that exists during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes |
| Decidua basalis | Decidua is the term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. |
| Decidua capsularis | The layer of endometrium overlying the implanted chorionic vesicle that progressively diminishes as the chorionic vesicle enlarges. |
| Decidua parietalis | The mucous membrane lining the main cavity of the pregnant uterus elsewhere than at the site of attachment of the chorionic vesicle. |
| How much does a placenta weigh? | About one seventh of the weight of the fetus. |
| Placenta circulation | Deoxygenated blood from the fetus is brought to the placenta by the umbilical arteries by the umbilical arteries which forms an extensive aterio-capillary-venous network in the villi. |
| 4 layers of the placenta membrane | 1. Syntrophoblast 2. Cytotrophoblast 3. Connective tissue 4. Endothelium of fetal cappilaries |
| 3 main functions of the placenta | 1. Metabolic 2. Transfer 3. Synthesis |
| Diffusion CO2 | Passive diffusion |
| Diffusion Uric Acid | Passive diffusion |
| Diffusion Fatty acids | Passive diffusion |
| Diffusion Glucose | Facilitated diffusion |
| Diffusion Amino Acids | Active diffusion |
| Diffusion Minerals and Vitamins | Pinocytosis |
| Amnion | A membranous sac surrounding the embryo of fetus |
| Amniotic cavity | Space between the amnion and the developing embryo or fetus |
| Amniotic fluid | 99% water. Organic compounds include protein, carbohydrates, fats, enzymes and hormones. Dynamic fluid |
| Function of the amniotic fluid | 1. Fetal movement 2. Proportionate growth 3. Cushions the fetus 4. Prevents adherence 5. supplies nutrients 6. consistant body temps 7. Helps to lubricate and dilate the cerrvix during birth |
| Oligohydramnios | Less than 400 ml of amniotic fluid |
| Polyhydroamnios | More than 2000 ml |
| Composition of the umbilical cord | One vein and two arteries |
| What are the dangers of a long cord? | Wraps around the fetus's body or neck |
| What are the dangers of a short cord? | May detach the placenta from the uterus prematurely during delivery of neonate. |
| Allantois | Part of the umbilical vessels...in the adult it becomes the urachal ligament |
| Urachal ligament | The reminence of the umbilical cord found in adults |
Created by:
LrB
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