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Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heat is | the name given to the energy transferred between objects at different temperatures. |
| Temperature is defined as | a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms or molecules composing a substance. |
| Temperature is ______ proportional to the addition of heat as long as there is no change in phase of a substance. | directly |
| The ______temperature scale is most commonly used in weather reports and forecasts in the United States. | Fahrenheit |
| The freezing point of pure water at sea level is ______ °F or ______ °C. | 32.....0 |
| The boiling point of pure water at sea level is ______ °F or ______ °C. | 212.....100 |
| On the absolute temperature scale, the freezing point of pure water at sea level is ______ K. | 273.15 |
| Absolute zero is the temperature at which | no electromagnetic radiation is emitted. |
| In localities where winter temperatures drop below -40 °C, the liquid in a liquid-in-glass thermometer must be | alcohol |
| An increment of 1 Kelvin corresponds precisely to an increment of | 1 Celsius degree. |
| The following is a unit of heat energy: | All of these are correct |
| This afternoon's high temperature was 67 °F and this morning's low temperature was 41 °F. The mean daily temperature was ______ °F. | 54 |
| This afternoon's high temperature was 27 °F and the early morning low temperature was 7 °F. The total heating degree-days for today was | 48 |
| Which one of the following heat transfer processes can take place in a vacuum? | radiation |
| In response to a temperature gradient, heat flows from where it is warmer to where it is colder. This behavior illustrates | the second law of thermodynamics. |
| On a global and annual average within the troposphere, the rate of radiational cooling __________ the rate of radiational heating. | is greater than |
| On a global and annual average at the Earth's surface, the rate of radiational heating __________ the rate of radiational cooling. | is greater than |
| As a rule, which one of the following is the best conductor of heat? | a metal |
| When two objects are in direct physical contact, heat is always conducted from the ______ object to the ______ object. | warmer...cooler |
| A process whereby heat is transported from the Earth's surface into the troposphere is | all the above |
| The heat conductivity of a fresh snow cover is ______ the heat conductivity of an old snow cover. | less than |
| Still (or calm) air is a relatively ______ conductor of heat. | poor |
| Heat is conducted within and between | all the above |
| Heat is transferred from the Sun-warmed surface of the Earth to the cooler overlying troposphere via | all the above |
| At night, the ground surface often is cooler than the air immediately over the ground. In that case, heat is conducted from the ______ to the ______. | atmosphere..ground |
| At the same pressure, cold air is ______ warm air. | more dense than |
| In response to the same input of heat, which one of the following substances exhibits the smallest rise in temperature? | water |
| Ten calories of heat are added to two grams of liquid water. The temperature of the water | rises by 5 Celsius degrees |
| The wind-chill equivalent temperature is ______ the actual (or ambient) air temperature when the wind speed is nearly calm. | equal to |
| At the same latitude, the seasonal (summer to winter) temperature contrast in maritime climates is ______ the seasonal temperature contrast in continental climates. | less than |
| Kansas City has a ______ climate. | continental |
| On a global scale, the most important mechanism whereby the excess heat at the Earth's surface is transported to the troposphere is | latent heating |
| Sensible heating includes transfer of heat via | conduction and convection |
| Latent heat is ______ the environment when water freezes. | released to |
| An example of latent heating: | vaporization of ocean water followed by cloud formation |
| The Bowen ratio is the ratio of the amount of heat that is used for __________ to the amount of heat that is used for __________. | sensible heating.................latent heating |
| The Bowen ratio has a greater value over a ______ surface than over a ______ surface. | dry...moist |
| At middle and high latitudes over the course of a year, the rate of radiational cooling is ______ the rate of radiational heating. | greater than |
| At the equator over the course of a year, the rate of cooling due to emission of infrared radiation to space is ______ the rate of warming due to absorption of solar radiation. | less than |
| Along the Tropic of Cancer over the course of a year, the rate of warming due to absorption of solar radiation is ______ the rate of cooling due to emission of infrared radiation to space. | greater than |
| Excess heat in tropical latitudes is transported to middle and high latitudes primarily by | exchange of air masses |
| A(n) ______ is a large volume of air that is relatively uniform horizontally in temperature and humidity. | air mass |
| Ultimately, the atmosphere circulates because of | unequal rates of radiational heating and cooling. |
| Air temperature is governed by | both are correct |
| The ocean contributes to poleward heat transport via | both are correct |
| All other factors being equal, a snow cover tends to ______ the day's maximum air temperature and ______ the day's minimum air temperature. | lower....lower |
| The air temperature rises throughout the night. This unusual event is explained by | strong warm air advection. |
| Air mass advection occurs when winds blow _________ regional isotherms. | across |
| An urban heat island is best developed on nights when conditions are | calm and clear |
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