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Biology (H) Midterm
Midterm Prep
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atoms | Basic unit of matter |
| Protons, neutrons, and electrons | Subatomic particles that make up atoms |
| Nucleus | Center of the atom |
| Protons | Positively charged atom, in nucleus |
| Neutrons | Neutral charge atom, in nucleus |
| Electrons | Negatively charged atom, not in nucleus |
| Element | Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
| Isotopes | Elements that are different in neutrons contained |
| Compound | Substance formed by chemical compound of two or more elements |
| Ionic bonds | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one to another |
| Covalent bonds | Formed when one or more electrons are shared with one another |
| Ions | Positively and negatively charged atoms |
| Molecule | Smallest unit of most compounds |
| Cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Adhesion | Attraction between molecules of different substances |
| Polarity | Uneven sharing of electrons in water |
| Mixture | Two or more compounds or elements that are mixed but not chemically combined |
| Solution | Mixture of two or more substances where the molecule are evenly distributed |
| Solute | Substance that is dissolved |
| Solvent | Substance that dissolves the solvent |
| pH scale | Measure of hydrogen ions |
| Acid | Any compound that forms h+ ions in a solutions |
| Base | Compound that has a pH below 7 and have low h+ ions |
| Polymerization | The joining of macromolecules |
| Protein, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates | 4 essential things living things need |
| Carbohydrates | Humans main source of energy and used for structural purposes |
| Monosaccharides | Single sugar molecules, benedict's solution tests this |
| Disaccharides | Double sugar molecules, iodine solution tests this |
| Polysaccharides | Many sugar molecules, biurets solution tests this |
| Lipids | Biomolecule not soluble in water, can be used to store energy, important part of cell membrane, formed when glycerol combines with fatty acids and have lots of fat |
| Proteins | Biomolecule that strengthens bones and tissue, gets its structure from chains of amino acids |
| Enzymes | Protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions |
| Valence electrons | Electrons that can form bonds |
| Reactants | Substance that undergoes change during a chemical reaction |
| Products | Substance that is the result of a chemical reaction |
| Species | Organisms that are similar and can reproduce |
| Population | Group of same species that live in the same area |
| Community | Groups of different species that live in an area |
| Ecosystem | All group of species that live in an environment |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that can make their own food through photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | When a plant makes their own food through sunlight and convert glucose and oxygen |
| Producers | First level of food chain, make food for first level consumers |
| Consumers | Organisms that rely on other organisms as a food source, also known as heterotrophs |
| Herbivore | Organisms that eat only plants |
| Carnivore | Organisms that eat only animals/meat |
| Omnivore | Organisms that eat animals and plants |
| Decomposers | Organisms that break down dead remains |
| Trophic level | Level on a food chain |
| Food chain | Cycle of what organisms eat |
| Food web | Link of food chains |
| Climate | Temperature and precipitation in a particular region |
| Abiotic factors | A nonliving factor |
| Biotic factors | A living factor |
| Niche | Role an organism plays in its habitat |
| Habitat | Where an organism lives |
| Resource | Any necessity of life |
| Predation | When an organism captures and feeds on another organism |
| Symbiosis | Where two species live closely together |
| Mutualism | Where both species benefit from the relationship |
| Parasitism | When an organism lives on or in an organism and harms it |
| Commensalism | When one organism benefits and the other isn't harmed or benefitted |
| Competition | Two organisms that occupy the same niche fighting for resources |
| Biome | Physical environment that contains climate characteristics and distinct plants and animals |
| Immigration | Movement of individuals into an area |
| Exponential growth | When individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate |
| Limiting factor | Factor that causes population growth to decrease |
| Cells | Basic unit of lifeforms |
| Cell membrane | Flexible barrier around the cell |
| Cell wall | Strong layer around cell membrane, not in animal cells, provides support and protection for the cell |
| Nucleus | Contains DNA and controls cell activities |
| Cytoplasm | Material inside cell membrane |
| Prokaryotes | These cells have no nucleus, small and simple |
| Eukaryotes | Has a nucleus, has specialized structures that perform cellular functions |
| Organelles | Specialized structures that perform cellular functions |
| Chromatin | Material visible within the nucleus |
| Chromosomes | Condensed chromatin, contains genetics that passes from generation of cells |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes of proteins |
| Cytoskeleton | Helps the cell keep its shape |
| Nucleolus | Where ribosome assembly begins |
| Nuclear envelope | Allows material to move in and out of the nucleus |
| Ribosomes | Produces proteins that come from the nucleus |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Where proteins are modified and the cell membrane is assembled |
| Golgi Apparatus | Proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum move into a stack of membranes |
| Lysosomes | Small organelles filled with enzymes |
| Vacuoles | Where cells store materials in saclike structures |
| Vesicles | Smaller vacuoles, especially those involved in transporting substances within the cell |
| Chloroplasts | Cell that uses sunlight to create food through photosynthesis |
| Mitochondria | Organelles that release energy from stored food molecules |
| Cell Membrane | Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also provides protection and support |
| Lipid Bilayer | Double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
| Concentration | The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
| Diffusion | Process by which molecules move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| Selectively Permeable | Some substances can pass through the biological membrane |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the cell membrane's lipid bilayer directly move through protein channels instead |
| Endocytosis | Large amounts of material are transported through movements of the cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | When large particles are taken directly into the cell by endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | The removal of large amounts of material out of the cell |
Created by:
xander.lundblad
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