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Bones and Muscles HT
Mrs. Hammer science - 7th grade Bones and Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system. | 1.Supports Body 2.Provides Movement 3.Protects internal organs 4.Provides site for protection of RBC & WBC 5.Stores important materials |
| How many bones are in the skeleton | 206 |
| What two parts are the skeleton divided into? | Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton |
| What is the axial skeleton? | Includes skull, vertebrae and ribcage |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | Parts that "hang onto" the axial. Includes arms, legs, pelvis, and scapula. |
| What is the flexible membrane covering the bones? | Periosteum |
| True or False - Bones are Living Tissue | True |
| What minerals do bones contain for strength? | Calcium and phosphorus |
| What is beneath the Periosteum? | A thick layer of compact bone |
| Is compact bone solid? | It is dense, not solid. |
| What is throughout the compact bone? | Haversian canals |
| What goes through the Haversian canals? | Blood vessels and nerves |
| Where is spongy bone found? | At ends of long bones (like femur) and around marrow cavity. Also in the middle of short, flat bones. |
| Is spongy bone soft? | NO!!! It is not spongy or soft, it is actually very strong. It adds strength without adding mass. |
| Which of the three kinds of bone cells is involved in reabsorption of bone? | Osteoclasts. Also involved in canal formation |
| Which bone cell are mature and embedded throughout bone? | Osteocytes |
| Which bone cell builds new bone cells? | Osteoblasts. |
| What are hollow cavities in long bones filled with? | Bone marrow |
| What are the two types of bone marrow? | Red and yellow. |
| Which type of bone marrow produces RBC, WBC and platelets? | Red marrow |
| Which type of bone marrow is mostly flat? | Yellow marrow |
| What is the skeleton of an embryo made entirely of? | Cartilage |
| What are the protein fibers that cartilage is made of? | Collagen and elastin |
| What kind of blood vessels does cartilage contain? | Trick question. Cartilage has nerve endings, but no blood vessels. |
| Without blood vessels, how is cartilage fed? | Through diffusion of nutrients from capillaries in surrounding tissues. |
| What is the process of cartilage changing to bone called? | Ossification |
| What bone cells are involved in the ossification process? | Osteoblasts |
| What is cartilage replaced with during ossification? | Mineral deposits of calcium and phosphorus |
| What do osteoblasts become when they are surrounded by mature bone tissue? | Osteocytes |
| Where are growth plates located? | At ends of long bones where secondary ossification occurs. |
| What do growth plates do? | Cause bone to lengthen and get stronger. |
| What acts as cushion between bones? | Cartilage |
| Where are some of the places cartilage is located? | Rib cage (allows it to expand during deep breaths), ends of nose and on ear. |
| What is the cartilage at the ends of large bones? | Articular cartilage |
| How many bones are in the skull? | 22 |
| How many bones in the vertebrae? | 33 |
| How many fused bones in the sacrum? | 5 |
| How many fused bones are in the coccyx? | 4 |
| Where is the pelvis fused to the sacrum? | Sacro-illiac joint |
| What is the area containing ribs from cervical vertebrae to the lumbar vertebrae? | Thorax |
| How many pairs of ribs? | 12 |
| How many pairs of ribs are joined directly to the sternum? | 7 |
| How many pairs of ribs are joined through 1 strand of cartilage? | 3 |
| How many pairs of ribs are floating ribs? | 2 |
| The inter-pubic joint is the joint in the front of what? | Pelvis |
| How many categories of bones are there? | 5 |
| This category of bone is thin in structure and shape. Usually provide muscle attachments (ribs, sternum, scapula) | Flat Bones |
| These bones are approximately cubed shaped and equal in size. (Carpals and tarsals) | Short Bones |
| Bones that come in a variety of shapes that correspond with function. (Face bones) | Irregular Bones |
| Bones that have greater length and width than others. (Femur, Humerus, Tibia...) | Long Bones |
| Bones that form in areas of stress. Boney structure where tendons attach. (Patella) | Seasmoid Bones |
| The place where bones meet. | Joint |
| Every bone in the body will connect to another bone except this one... | Hyoid bone that supports the tongue |
| How are joints classified? | Depending on range of movements |
| What are the three joint classifications? | Immovable (fixed), Slightly movable, and freely movable |
| Cranium bones are fused together, what is the name of this joint? | Sutural joint |
| These joints permit small, restricted movement | Slightly Movable joints (Pivot joint and Saddle Joint) |
| The joints permit movement in one or more directions. | Freely Movable joints |
| What are the two types of freely movable joints? | Ball and socket..and Hinge joints |
| Which joint permits movement in many directions? | Ball and socket joint (shoulder and hip) |
| Which joint permits back and forth motion? | Hinge joint (knee, elbow, fingers, toes) |
| Which joint allows one bone to slightly rotate around another? | Pivot Joint (ulna & radius, tibia & fibula) |
| Which type of joint allows one bone to slide over another in two directions? | Saddle joint (vertebrae, carpals & tarsals) |
| What is the two layers of fibrous tissue that surrounds a joint called? | Joint Capsule |
| The outermost layer of a joint capsule is the...? | Ligament |
| What do ligaments do? | Hold bones together |
| What fluid lubricates articular cartilage to m ake movement easier? | Synovial joint fluid |
| In larger joints, synovial fluid is in sacs called...? | Bursa sacs |
| Are teeth part of the skeletal system? | You betcha |
| What is the outer-covering of teeth called? Is it living? | Enamel. No |
| Below the enamel is what? | Dentin |
| Where is the root contained? | Pulp |
| What percent of body mass do muscles comprise? | 40% |
| What are the 3 types of muscles? | Smooth, cardiac and skeletal (or striated) |
| Which type of muscle would be found in your stomach or intestines? | Smooth muscle |
| Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary? | Involuntary |
| Can smooth muscles function without nervous stimulation? | You betcha! |
| What do smooth muscles have between them that allow impulses to travel from 1 cell to another? | Gap junctions |
| What word best describes how smooth muscles react and tire? | SLOWLY!!! |
| What type muscle is ONLY found in the heart?? | Cardiac muscle |
| Do cardiac muscles share characteristics of striated or smooth muscles? | Both, but more striated. |
| Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary? | They gotta be involuntary, or you'd be dead! |
| Do cardiac muscles get tired? | No way...heart muscle cannot get tired!! |
| Skeletal muscles are attached to what? | Uh...hello! Bones! |
| Are they voluntary or involuntary? | Totally voluntary! |
| Are they in striations? | Yes |
| What do skeletal muscles consist of? | 1. Muscle fibers2. Blood vessels3. Nerves4. Connective Tissue5. Tendons |
| Are skeletal muscles in pair or solo? | In pairs. Think biceps and triceps. They are called bilateral muscles |
| How many pairs of skeletal muscles are there? | 320 pairs! 640 muscles! |
| Each individual strand of striated muscles is called what? | Myofibril |
| Each myofibril is made of 2 proteins called what? | Actin and myosin! |
| What happens in the myofibril when muscles contract? | Myosin works from the middle to pull the actin ends closer together. |
| The middle part of the myofibril is called the.... | sacramere |
| Impulses from ____________ control contraction of skeletal muscles. | Neurons |
| The point of contact between neuron and muscle cells is called... | Neuro-muscular juntion |
| Where do neuron impulses enter the nerve cells? | Axon terminals |
| What is released into the axon when an impulse comes in? | Acetylcholine |
| What does the acetylcholine do? | Allows the impulse to move through the neuron |
| The space between the dendrite and the muscle is called the what? | Synapse |
| As the impulse jumps across the synapse, what is released causing interaction between the myosin and actin? | Calcium |
| What connects muscles to bones? | Tendons |
| Muscles are composed of what? | Muscle Bundles |
| What are groups of myofibril that are surrounded by connective tissue? | Muscle Bundles |
| Each muscle bundle is connected to each bone with what at each end? | Tendons |
| When one muscle of a bilateral muscle contracts, what does the other muscle do? | Relax! |
| Tendons work like what? | Levers |
| Repeated stimulus to muscles causes production of what? | Lactic acid |
| Stimulus in absence of oxygen cause muscle what? | Soreness |
| What movement happens when an angle between 2 bones decrease? | Flexion |
| What movement happens when an angle between 2 bones increases? | Extension |
| What movement happens when there is movement towards the mid-line? | Adduction |
| What movement happens when movement is away from the mid-line? | Abduction |
| What movement happens when there is movement around the invisible longitudinal axis? | Rotation |
| What movement happens when your palms are up? | Supination |
| What happens when your palms are down? | Pronation |
| Is bone cancer a skeletal or muscular disease? | Skeletal |
| What skeletal disorder makes your bones become brittle, easy to break, and have mineral depletion? | Osteoporosis |
| What skeletal disorder makes an inflammation of joints? | Arthritis |
| What progressive muscular disorder makes bone waste away and cannot be reserved? | Muscular Dystrophy |
| What muscular disorder happens from muscles wasting from no use? | Muscle Atrophy |
| What muscular disorder makes muscles larger due to excessive use? | Muscle Hytrophy |
| What muscular disorder has involuntary contraction of muscle and may or may not be painful? | Muscle Spasm |
| What muscle disorder has sudden contraction from use, is painful, and usually relieves itself? | Muscle Cramp |
| What muscular disorder has involuntary contraction resulting from outside stimulus? | Reflex |
Created by:
thestriegels
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