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LEA Bones/Joints Leg
LEA Bones/Joints/Lymph/Vein/Misc Leg
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| during growth spurts, bones grow faster then muscle placing stress on the epiphyseal plates..this causes | osteochondrosis |
| what composes the pelvic girdle | the sacrum, right and left hip bones joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis |
| what connects the axial skeleton to the lower limb | pelvic girdle |
| what bone is common to the axial skelton and the pelvic girdle | sacrum |
| where is the limb bud derived from | the lateral wall of the trunk |
| which development occurs first, upper or lower limbs | upper limbs (lower lags a week behind |
| in what week in utero do the lower lumb buds appear | 5th week (from L2-S2 segments) |
| explain the development of limbs | -limb buds bend ventrally to put knees/elbows pointing laterally, UL externally rotate to put thumbs laterally and LL internally rotate to put big toe medially |
| when do digits form IU | at 7th week |
| Simplified version of limb formation | -UL and LL form limb buds from the lateral body- then they elongate, develop flexures, adn rotate in opposite directions |
| does the fibula articulate with the femur | no, just the tibia |
| what is the purpose of the diaganol disposition of the femur | it recenters the support directly inferior to the trunk to make walking and standing more efficient |
| where is the adductor tubercle located | medial side of the femur (just above the medial epicondyle) |
| Hip bone is formed by the fusion of what 3 bones, and when | ilium, ischium and pubis at the end of the teeneage years |
| the lateral surface of the ala of the ilium has 3 rough curved lines, what are they and what do they demarcate | posterior, anterior and inferior gluteal lines demarcate the proximal attachments of the 3 large gluteal muscles |
| what marks the superior end of the greater sciatic notch | PIIS |
| what lies in between the Greater and lesser sciatic notch | ischial spine |
| where does the iliac crest (thick edge of the ilium) extend between | ASIS to the PSIS |
| the symphyseal surface of the pubis articulates with what | the corresponding surface of the contralateral hip bone |
| what does the auricular surface of the ilium articulate with | corresponding surface of the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint |
| what forms the inferiomedial boder of the obturator foramen | ramus of the ischium comes down and joins the inferior ramus of the pubis (to form the ischiopubic ramus) |
| what forms the inferior margin of the greater sciatic notch and is a ligament attachment site | ischial spine |
| what forms the anteriomedial part of the hip bonem contributing to the anterior part of the acetabulum | pubis |
| what is the pubis divided into | a flattened body and two rami, one inferior and one superior |
| the anteriosuperior border of the united pubis bodies and symphysis forms something which provides attachment for ab muscles | pubic crest |
| small projections at the lateral ends of the pubic crest are what, and used for? | pubic tubercles are used for attachment of the inguinal ligament |
| posterior margin of the superior ramus of the pubis has a sharp rasied edge that forms the pelvic brim | pecten pubis |
| what bones compose the obturator foramen and what travels through it | pubis, ischium and their rami (sup/inf ramus of pubis and ramus of ischium)- it carries the obturator nerve and vessels |
| what margin of the acetabulum is incomplete | inferiorly at the acetabulum notch |
| how are the hip bones joined to each other (L and R) | they are joined posteriorly at the sacrum and anteriorly by the pubis symphysis |
| what is the first and second biggest bone in the body | femur and tibia respectively |
| the head of the femur is covered with articular cartilage everywhere but a medial depression...why | it is the fovea for the ligament of the head that carries an artery supplying the epiphysis of the head |
| Angle of Inclination | angle between the neck of the femur and the shaft |
| what happens to the angle of declination as one ages | it decreases (norm is 130)-the angle on inclination gives the femur its oblique position |
| torsion angle (laying femur on a table or looking down from above the femur) | a transverse line through the femoral condyles and a line through the femoral neck (Men=7, women = 12) |
| the site where the femur neck meets the femur shaft posteriorly | intertrocanteric crest (joins the greater and lesser trocahnters posteriorly) |
| the site where the neck meets the shaft of the femur anteriorly | introchanteric line (joins the greater and lesser trochanters anteriorly) |
| what does the intertrochanteric line (on the anterior femur) continue as posteriorly and distally | the spiral line |
| there is a rounded elevation in the middle of the trochanteric crest | quadrate tubercle |
| the greater trochanter overhangs a deep depression on the neck of the femur | trochanteric fossa |
| the posterior aspect of the femur has a medial and lateral linea aspera, what does each blend with superiorly | Lateral: gluteal tuberosity Medial: pectineal and spiral line |
| what does the linea aspera blend with inferiorly | medial and lateral supracondylar lines |
| this side of the femoral condyles is larger and also has an elevation above it | medial condyle has a larger and more prominent medial epicondyle, superior to which is another elevation the adductor tubercle |
| what abnormal position can occur if the angle of declination is decreased | coxa vara genu valgum = knock knees |
| what abnormal postion can occur if the angle of declination is increased | coxa valga genu varum = bow legged |
| gerdys tubercle | - on the tibia-the anterior lateral aspect of the lateral condyle |
| how many surfaces/borders does the tibia have | -it is a triangle- with 3 borders/3 surfaces- Medial, Lateral, Posterior |
| on the posterior surface of hte proximal part of the tibia is a rough diaganol ridge | soleal line - origin of the soleus muscle |
| fibula serves as mainly a muscle attacher, insertion for 1 and origin for 8 | Insertion: Biceps FemorisOrigin: PL,PB,PT,EDL,EHL,FHL,Soleus,TP |
| how many borders and surfaces does fibula have | triangular - 3 borders/3 surfacesB: anterior, interosseous, posteriorS: medial, lateral, posterior |
| a bone that is a common source for grafting b/c supposedly bears no weight | fibula |
| what supports the head of the talus and transfers weight from the talus to the forefoot | spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular) |
| where can you find the spring ligament (maintains the medial long arch) | extends across and fills a wedge shaped gap between the talar shelf of the calc and inferior margin of the navicular |
| the talar body narrows into a posterior process that features a groove for? | Flexor Hallucis Longus tendon |
| what does the talus have posteriorly | a large posterior process for the FHL, flanked by a prominent lateral tubercle and a less prominent medial tubercle |
| what is the largest and strongest bone in the foot | calcaneus |
| the posterior part of the calcaneus has a massive weight bearing prominence; the calcaneal tuberosity..what does it have | medial, lateral and anterior tubercles(only the medial contacts the ground during stance) |
| anterior to the tuberosity of the cuboid on the lateral and inferior surfaces of the bone is a groove for what tendon | peroneus longus |
| what is the smallest cuneiform | intermediate |
| what is the largest cuneiform | medial |
| os trigonum | accessory ossicle at the lateral tubercle of the talus (posterior part of talus) |
| what joint forms the connection between the lower limb and the pelvic girdle | hip joint |
| what type of joint is the hip | -multiaxial ball and socket, synovial joint |
| teh acetabular rim is missing an inferior segment called the acetabular notch, what bridges this space | -the transverse acetabular labrum (a continuation of the acetabular labrum |
| what is the centrally located, non-articular part of the head of the femur called | -acetabular fossa, formed mainly by the ischium |
| what is the orbicular zone of the joint capsule of the hip | fibers that circle around the neck |
| the ligaments of the hip pass in spiral fashion around the hip from the pelvis to the femur, what are they | -3 of them-Y shaped iliofemoral ligament-pubofemoral ligament-ischiofemoral ligament (weakest) |
| which are stronger the anterior or posterior hip ligaments | -anterior (ilio and pubofemoral)ischiofemoral is weak |
| is the ligament of the head of the femur important in joint integrity | no, its main purpose is to transmit the blood vessel (artery to the head of the femur) |
| what is the movement of the hip joint | -felxion/extension-adduction/abduction-medial/lateral rotation-circumduction |
| what type of joint is the knee | hinge type of synovial joint |
| what movements does the knee have | -flexion/extension combined with gliding, rolling and rotation around a vertical axis |
| name the 3 articulations of the knee joint | -medial femorotibial-lateral femorotibial-femoropatellar |
| which support system is most important in stabilizing a normally weak joint (its like 2 balls sitting on a warped table) | -muscles-ligaments also play a smaller role |
| what is the most important muscle in stabilzing the knee joint | -quadratus femorus (esp VL and VM)-strengthening these can prevent most knee injuries |
| what is the most stable position of the knee (when the articualar surfaces are most congruent and ligaments are taut) | -erect extended position |
| what are the extracapsular/capsular ligaments of the knee | -Arcuate popliteal ligament-Oblique popliteal Ligament-Medial Collateral Ligament (capsular)-Lateral Collateral Ligament(extracap)-patellar ligament |
| what splits the tendon of the biceps femoris into two parts | -lateral (fibular) collateral ligament |
| what are the relationships of the FCL and TCL to the meniscus | -the FCL is seperated from the lateral meniscus by the popliteus tendon-the TCL is attached to the medial meniscus |
| which is weaker and damaged more, the TCL or FCL | the TCL(medial) is injured more and often injured with the medial meniscus |
| what is the unhappy triad (caused by a lateral blow or lateral twisting) | -the medial collateral lig and medial meniscus (b/c they are connected)-the ACL |
| expansion of the tendon of SM that reinforces the knee joint posteriorlly | -oblique popliteal ligament spans the intracondylar fossa |
| the oblique popliteal ligament reinforces the knee posteriorlly, what other ligament does this | -arcuate popliteal ligament supports posterolaterally |
| when are children bowlegged, when are they knock-kneed | -bowlegged at 1-2 years-knock-knees at 2-4 years |
| what are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee | -cruciate ligaments-meniscus |
| how does the PCL run | -PAM ApPLES-posterior runs anteriorly to attach medially |
| how does the ACL run | -PAMS ApPLES-anterior runs posteriorly to attach laterally superiorly |
| what joins the anterior edges of the menisci | transverse ligament of the knee |
| which meniscus if larger and C shaped | medial meniscus |
| which meniscus is smaller, circle shaped and less mobile | lateral meniscus |
| how and where are the tibia and fibula connected | -superior tibiofibular joint-inferior tibiofibular sydesmosis-interosseuous membrane of the shafts |
| in which direction to all the fibers of the tibfib ligaments and interosseous run | -they run inferiorly from the tibia to the fibula-so they resist the dowward pull placed on the fibula by 8 of the nine muscles attached to it but ALLOW slight upward movt of the fibula |
| what passes through the hiatus at the superior end of the tibfib interosseus membrane | anterior tibial vessels |
| what passes through the small hiatus at the inferior end of the tibfib interosseus membrane | perforating branch of the peroneal artery |
| what type of joint is the superior tibfib joint | plane synovial joint |
| describe the superior tibfib joint | -a flat surface on the fibula articulates with a flat surface on the PL aspect of the tibial condyle |
| what ligaments strengthen the superior tibfib joint | -anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments (dont confuse these with ant/post inferior tibiofbular ligaments of the syndesmosis) |
| what tendon crosses the superior tibfib joint posteriorlu | the popliteus tendon |
| what type of joint is the tibiofibular syndesmosis | -compound fibrous joint |
| what ligaments strengthen the inferior tibfib joint (tibfib syndesmosis) | -tibfib interosseuous lig-anterior/posterior inferior tibfib ligament |
| what type of joint is the ankle | hinge type synovial joint |
| when is the grip of the malleoli on the talus trochlea the strongest (i.e when is the ankle the strongest) | during dorsiflexion because this forces the wider anterior part of the talus posteriorly between the malleoli |
| when do most ankle injuries occur (when is it weakest) | during plantarflexion and inversion |
| what ligaments strengthen the ankle joint | -lateral ligaments (anterior talofib, posterior talofib, calcaneofib)-medial deltoid ligaments (tibionav, tibiocalc, ant tibiotalar, post tibiotalar) |
| which ligaments of the ankle are strongest | the medial deltoid ligaments |
| the medial deltoid ligament of the malleous (of the ankle joint) fans out and attaches distally via 4 bands (to what bones) | -talus (ant/post tibiotalus)-navicular (tibionavicular)-calcaneus (tibiocalcanel) |
| which is the strongest ligament of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint | posterior talofibular |
| what does the medial deltoid ligament of the ankle protect it from | -too much eversion and subluxation |
| what are the main movements of the ankle joint | dorsiflexion and plantarfelxion of the foot |
| what is the most frequent injured ligament of the body | -anterior talofibular ligament of the weak lateral ligaments |
Created by:
felicia71180
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