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Logan Cell Final
Final review for Cell Bio Spring 2009
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Linus Pauling | Discovered primary and helical structure of DNA (before Watson and Crick). Won 2 Nobel prizes. |
| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) | Identified DNA as genetic material of all living things, including Phages. Showed importance of DNA. |
| Maurice Wilkins & Rosalind Franklind | Researched Helical Structure of DNA, determined the existence of deoxyrhibose as "backbones" |
| Erwin Chargaff | Before Watson and Crick - Determined that quantities of A = T and G = C |
| Archibald Garrod (1909) | Proposed that genes dictate phenotype through enzymes, studied inherited diseases (alkaptonuria) as "inborn errors." |
| Beadle and Tatum (1940's) | Studied bread mold to determine how genes effect enzymes. "gene - One polypeptide hypothesis" |
| Marshal Nirenberg (early 1960's) | Established that genetic code is based on triplets (fond that 21 Uracil produced 7 phenylalanine) |
| Holley and Khorana | Broke genetic code for each codon and anticodon to determine the amino acid indicated by each. "unraveled mysteries of DNA" |
| Rosenberg | Tested the effect of gene therapy on Melanoma, using Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes(TIL) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) |
| Andrew Fire and Craig Mellow | Discovered RNA interference (RNAi) |
| Kary Mullis | Developed Polymerase Chane Reaction (PCR) method of replicating DNA for laboratory uses. |
| McCulloch and Till | Research using bone marrow progenitor (stem cells) |
| Helen Lake | First immortal cell line (cloning cells) harvested from her mammary glands. HeLa cells. |
| Monsanto | Former arms dealer, now biotechnology. Used recombinant DNA to produce insect resistant corn, increase milk production in cows, and make crops resistant to cotton boll worm. |
| DNX (now Baxter Health Care) | Developed blood substitute using pigs to produce human hemoglobin. |
| Danforth | Largest Plant research center |
| Griffith | Experimented with mice, discovered DNA transformation |
| Wilmut | DNA cloning - Lead scientist on DOLLY project |
| Black | Wrote Microbiology Textbook |
| Proteins | a polymer of amino acids. |
| Amino acids | Building block molecules which contain at least one amino and one acidic carboxyl group. |
| R groups | used to distinguish amino acids, attached to the central carbon atom. |
| Peptide bonds | A covalent bond that links an amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another amino acid. |
| Polypeptide | many amino acids linked together. |
| Sulfhydryl group | -SH. form disulfide linkages from one chain to the other. |
| Primary Structure of Proteins | A specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. |
| Secondary Structure of Proteins | Consists of folding or coiling of amino acid chains into a particular pattern. (ex. Helix) |
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins | Further bending and folding of a protein molecule into globular shapes. |
| Quaternary Structure of Proteins | formed by the association of several teriary structured polypeptide chains. |
| What maintains tertiary and quaternary structures? | Hydrogen bonds, disulfide linkages, and other forces between R-groups. |
| What is Denaturation? | Disruption of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. |
| Example of Quaternary structures | Hemoglobin. |
| Examples of tertiary structure | Enzymes |
| expamples of secondary structure | feathers, keratin, fibrous proteins. |
| What is so super about water? | Universal Solvent, bipolar, cohesive, and adhesive, high surface tension, high heat of vaporization, water as ice is less dense than as a liquid. |
| How does he explain hydrogen bonds? | Flickering |
| DNA is mostly found in what part of a cell? | Nucleus |
| Who established the fact that purine is always equal to pyrimidine in DNA? | Chargaff |
| What functions to carry an amino acid to the site of protein synthesis? | tRNA |
| To what is the amount of adenine in a DNA molecule is always equal? | The amount of thymine |
| How many different types of tRNA are typically found in biological systems? | 20 |
| To what is the amount of cytosine in a DNA molecule always equal? | The amount of guanine |
| How many nucleotide bases are there in a DNA molecule that code for amino acids in a protein? | 4 |
| How gave the model for DNA | Watson and Crick |
| What is a potentially dealdly Skin cancer? | Melanoma |
| What would cause a child to be isolated in a bubble? | severe combined immunodeficiency. |
| What are used to cut a DNA molecule? | Restriction enzymes. |
| What is used to join DNA molecules? | Ligase |
| Polymerase chain reaction is used for what? | DNA replication in the lab |
| Which reproduction process produces 4 haploids from a diploid cell. | Meiosis. |
| Where do two sister chromatids exchange parts? | Chismata |
| What makes up a nucleotide? | a sugar, a phosphate and a base. |
| How many bonds are between an A&T pair? | 2 |
| How many bonds are between a C&G pair? | 3 |
| What does the term triplet code refer to? | The fact that three nucleotides in the DNA molecule code fore one amino acid in a protein. |
| Translation | Process of using RNA to synthesize proteins. |
| Where in a cell are ribosomes found? | Nucleus |
| Factor VIII | Used in clotting, given to hemophiliacs. |
| Mutations | Sudden genetic changes |
| How can you analyze the DNA of an individual? | Electrophoresis. |
| Where can you find E. Coli in a human? | In the colon. |
| How did police catch the South side rapist? | Genetic fingerprinting. |
| What are UAA and UAG? | Stop codons. |
| In two strands of DNA, what does a purine always face? | A pyrimidine |
| What is Nitrosoguanidine (NTG)? | A major natural radioactive environmental mutagen. |
| What are the essential amino acids? | Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Threonine, Lysine. |
| The lipid that functions in membranes | Sphingolipids |
| The lipid that functions as vitamins A, E and K. | Terpines |
| What is the biological function of fatty acids? | Food, makes other lipids. It is a precursor to hormones. |
| What is the biological function of phosphoglycerides? | Membranes' constituent. |
| What is the biological function of waxes? | Energy, structural components, bacteria like mycobacterium. |
| What is the biological function of steroids? | Constituents of membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D, and cholesterol. |
| What is the biological function of triglycerides? | food, twice as much energy as carbs. Thermal mechanical insulators. |
| What can PCR be used to find? | HIV virus. |
| In what stage does pairing of homologous chromosomes occur? | Prophase of Meiosis I |
| It what stage are there tetrads present at the spindle equator? | Metaphase of Meiosis I |
| What happens in anaphase of meiosis I? | Homologues of each tetrad seperate, and dyads move to poles |
| What happens in anaphase of meiosis II and mitosis? | Sister chromatids separate becoming daughter chromosomes and move to the poles. |
| In which phase is there two haploid daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell? | Telophase of Mitosis. |
| What is the product of Meiosis I? | Two haploid daughter cells not identical to parent cells. |
| What is the product of meiosis II? | Four haploid daughter cells, not identical to parent cells. |
| How many dyads are there at the spindle equator in metaphase of meiosis II? | Haploid |
| How many dyads are there at the spindle equator in mataphase of mitosis? | Diploid |
Created by:
eane220
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