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Science MS Praxis 4
Earth and Space Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sedimentary rocks | form from the weathered remains of all 3 types of rocks that have been lithified |
| igneous rocks | form with the crystallization of hot magma from within the earth. the slower the cooling the larger the crystals |
| metamorphic rocks | rocks are formed by heat, pressure and or chemicals altering existing rock deep within the earth's crust |
| Mons Scale | hardness scale of a mineral; one mineral is capable of scratching another must be harder |
| Talc Hardness | 1 |
| Gypsum Hardness | 2 (2.5 is a fingernail) |
| Calcite Hardness | 3 (copper penny) |
| Fluorite Hardness | 4 |
| Apatite Hardness | 5 (Nail) |
| Potassium Feldspar Hardness | 6 |
| Quartz Hardness | 7 |
| Topaz Hardness | 8 |
| Corundum Hardness | 9 |
| Diamond Hardness | 10 can scratch glass |
| Mineral classification | by crystal size, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, and fracture properties |
| aridisols | very dray and light in color soil |
| mollisols | dark and fertile soil in grasslands |
| alifisols | soil found under forest vegetation from Southern Florida to Minnesota |
| ultisols | SE US tend to be red soil and are found near lots of water |
| spodsols | rich soil with sand |
| entisols | immature sands deposited from wind or water |
| inceptisols | soil found in tundra environments |
| vertisols | heavy clay |
| histosols | organic soil from poor drainage areas |
| andisols | volcanic material |
| Layers of the Earth | inner core, outer core, mantle and crust |
| lithosphere | outer most layer, land area we see |
| biosphere | the life on earth |
| atmosphere | the layer of gases surrounding the earth |
| hydrosphere | the water portion of the earth of which 3% is freshwater and 97% salt water. large portion of the freshwater is locked up in the glaciers |
| folding | when 2 plates are compressing against one another, the folding causes either an Anticline (the shape of an A) or a Syncline to occur |
| faulting | where 2 plates move past each other |
| earthquakes | vibrations of the earth's crust caused by the rapid release of energy |
| volcanoes | usually are found along fault lines. they are an area where hot magma is thrown from the center of the earth at intervals |
| plate tectonic theory | earth's continents are on large plates that float on the earth's mantle. they were once all one super continent |
| continental drift theory | the fit of the continents, like that of a large puzzle, fossil evidence on different continents aligned with the puzzle, and rock types and structure similarities where the continents would have been connected |
| evaporation | from the oceans and streams |
| precipitation | over the land |
| water moves through the cycle by the means of | evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, transpiration, runoff |
| infiltration | water seeping into the lakes and streams through the soil |
| transpiration | absorbed by plants and later released back into the atmosphere |
| runoff | from the lakes and streams back into the large oceans and seas |
| weathering | two types mechanical and chemical |
| mechanical weathering | caused by frost wedging expansion, thermal expansion and biological activity |
| chemical weathering | causes dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis |
| erosion | the transportation of material by water, wind and ice. it occurs mainly due to weathering |
| deposition | when water vapor turns into ice without going through the liquid state |
| uniformarianism | states that physical chemical and biological properties that exist today also existed in the past the same principles. it does not mean that things occurred at the same rate as they do today |
| stratigraphy or Laws of supposition | looking at a side of layers of rocks the oldest rocks will be on the bottom&the newer rocks will be on the top |
| igneous intrusions | will be newer than the layers of rocks they cut through as those rocks would have had to have been there before they could seep through |
| relative dating | is placing rocks and structures in an order of occurrence based on evidence and then extrapolating the dates of existence |
| absolute dating | when you know the exact date a formation occurred, example. the weathering of a tombstone can be considered absolute bc you have a date of which the tombstone was placed there |
| petrified | animals cavities are filled with minerals and replaced |
| mold | shell buried in sediment then dissolved away leaves a mold |
| cast | when the mold is filled with a mineral |
| carbonization | left behind carbon in the shape of an animal |
| impressions | prints or shapes left in rocks |
| amber | some animals such as insects get trapped in a resin like material leaving complete animals preserved |
| information fossils can provide | information about the surface of the earth (water or land), the climate of an area and the types organisms that existed at that time period |
| Eons | Phanerozoic, Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean |
| Era (PMC) | Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic |
| Periods | Quarternary and Tertiary Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian Precambrian |
| Epoch | Holocene, Pleistocene, Piocene, Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene, |
| 4 Oceans | Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic |
| 12 Seas | Coral, Arabian, South China, Mediterranean, Bering, Bay of Bengal, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Guinea, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Gulf of Alaska |
| Ocean Waves | Movement of energy through a meduim. water doesnt move but orbits in small circles. caused by the wind blowing across the ocean surface 4 types: capillary, wind wave, seiche, seismic wave, tide |
| capillary | wind driven |
| wind wave | wind over ocean |
| seiche | change in atmospheric pressure, storm surge or tsunami |
| seismic wave | volcanic eruption of faulting on the seafloor |
| tide | gravitational attraction of the rotation |
| primary causes and factors that influence tides | tides are caused by inertia and the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun on the earths surface, causes the rhythmic rising and falling of the water on the earth surface, most coasts have semidiurnal tides or 2 high and 2 low tides per day |
| neap tides | occur are the smallest variations between the high and low tide and occur when the sun earth and moon are at right angles |
| spring tides | occur when the earth sun and moon are in a straight line and are the largest variations between the high and low tide |
| topography and landforms of the ocean floor and shorelines | seafloor landforms created in similar ways to continental landformsvocanoes deposit lava solidified into rock/can create islands&canyons sea floor spreading cause mass plains areas mountain building such as faulting&folding cause underwater moutain ranges |
| abyssal plain | area where sea floor spreading has created flat plains like area under water |
| continental shelf | shallow region extending out from the continents |
| continental slope | where the shelf meets the deep reaches of the ocean |
| ridge | underwater mountain range |
| trench | ocean floor canyon |
| currents | caused by the sinking of colder dense water and the rising of warmer water. the water circulates due to the uneven heating of the earth between the poles and the equator |
| Cold Currents | Antarctic Circumpolar, Peru, Benauela, Greenland, Labrador, California, Alaskan, Kamchatka, Canary |
| Warm Currents | North Pacific, Equatorial Counter, Sourth Equatorial, Eastern Australia, Gulf Stream, North Equatorial, North Atlantic |
| factors influencing seasonal and latitudinal variation of solar radiation | tilt of the earth causes the seasons. the angle the sun's rays strike the earth causes variations. the earth is closer to the sun in january than in july |
| chemical composition of the atmosphere | N 78% O 21% Ar .9% CO2 .03% Others %1 |
| Troposphere | nearly all weather initiats |
| ionosphere | is an electrically charged area |
| Layers of the earth | Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere |
| Relative Humidity | the amount of water vapor compared to what the body of air could hold |
| absolute humidity | the amount of water vapor compared to the volume of air |
| dew point | temperature air is cooled to, to reach saturation point |
| frost point | temperature in which ice crystals form when temp reaches a dew point below freezing |
| specific heat | amount of heat required to raise the temperature. water has a 3 x's greater specific heat than land. land will heat quicker |
| precipitation | sleet, freezing rain, hail, snow |
| sleet | rain freeze when passing through a subfreezing layer of air |
| freezing rain | cold air freezes on contact with a frozen surface |
| hail | lumps of raindrops that have gathered layers from being up drafted back into the clouds |
| snow | ice crystals that formed in cool temps and pass continually through cool temps until hitting the ground |
| high clouds | cirrus, cirrostratus and cirrocumulus |
| middle clouds | altocumulus and alto stratus |
| low clouds | stratus stratocumulus nimbostratus cumulus and cumulonimbus |
| continental arctic (cA) | cold and dry air from arctic and greeland |
| continental polar (cP) | very cold and dry air from Canada and Alaska |
| continental tropical (cT) | hot and dry air from the SW US (mostly summer) |
| maritime tropical (mT) | SE US warm and humid |
| maritime polar (mP) | mildly cool and humid all year long Western USA |
| high pressure system | stable air associated with clearing air and good weather |
| low pressure system | unstable air, associated with bad weather. Tornadoes and hurricanes have extremely low pressures |
| cold front | moves cooler air under warm air. heavy rain usually found ahead of the front |
| warm front | warm air moving over colder air, light rain over a large area |
| stationary front | several days stalled movement, causes of most flooding rains |
| occluded front | two fronts overlapping, cold front conquers a warm front |
| isobar | points of equal pressure |
| isotherms | connecting points of air temperature |
| short term weather | computer modeling persistence forecasts, trend forecasting and "nowcasting" -- weather radar and geostationary satellites |
| long term weather | climatic data and computer modeling; examine statistical records of past and compare to the visual data of the current weather. extrapolate potential weather. nearly all done by computer modeling |
| desertification | spreading of desert conditions mostly by clear cutting and removal of forests |
| effects on the regional and local natural factors of climate | temperature and precipitation |
| temperature | based on latitude altitude distance to a body of water and ocean currents |
| precipitation | based on mountains and winds |
| desertification | spreading of desert conditions mostly by clear cutting and removal forests |
| greenhouse | increase in greenhouse gases can potentially cause global warming. |
| volcanic ash | blocks sunlight, causing cooler temperatures |
| el nino | period of ocean warming that effect eastern tropical pacitic (warmer waters in the NE US and West; drought in Indonesia, Australia and Phillippines; suppress hurricanes in the Atlantic) |
| Big Bang Theory | universe created when condense matter exploded pushing matter into space&creating stars/planets accepted in the scientific community supported by fact other galaxies moving away newton/kepler laws applied to universe fits data we receive goes w/evolution |
| redshift data | galaxies are moving away from ours |
| creationism | held by various faiths whereby a being created the heavens earth&all of its living creatures some theologians access that earth is as young as 10000 yo evidence provided by churches doesnt often past the test of science but until either case both theories |
| Au | distance between earth and the sun, approx 150 million km or 93 million miles |
| LY | distance it takes light to travel in a year, approx 63000 AU or 9.6 trillion km |
| parsec | distance from the sun to object with a || angle of 1 arc |
| life cycle of a start | gas cloud condenses in space a dense body of material develops into a proto star>main sequence star>red giant star> planetary nebula?white dwarf star initial energy source is gravitational energy if the star has enough mass fusion occurs |
| suns 3 areas | photosphere, chromosphere and corona, solar flares |
| photosphere | part most likely seen by us on the earth, approximately 5800 C |
| chromosphere | approximately 10000 C |
| corona | seen during eclipse of the sun 1-2 million C |
| solar flares | have cycles of approximately 11 years and can effect weather on earth; spinicules and solar winds |
| major theories involving the origin of the solar system | solar system about 5 myo 2 possible theories Evolutionary Theory and Catastrophe |
| Evolutionary Theory | suggests initially lrg globular cloud of gas that was spinning from big bang the spinning brings about conservation of angular momentum&the gas cloud begins flatten&spin rather fast as gas cool elements form&group together to form planets asteroids moons |
| Catastrophe | a comet closed very close to the sun and dragged material away from the sun |
| where does the energy come from? | nuclear fusion in which 4 H nuclei and fused to make 1 He Hydrostatic Equilibruim also contributes to the sun's energy The gravitational pull of material downward pull of material downward equal to the upward forces cause by the nuclear fusion in the core |
| movement in the solar system | planets comets asteroids and nearly all celestial objects orbit in elliptical patterns |
| Jovian Planets | Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (Pluto) |
| Terrestrial Planets | Mercury Venus Earth Mars |
| Location of the sun | 1/3 on the outer part of the Milky Way most bodies we see with the naked eye oare in our planet |
| Lunar eclipse | when the earth is between the moon and the sun, seen at night, does not always happen because the moon orbits at an inclination |
| solar eclipse | when the moon is between the earth and the sun, this type averages 2 per year but can only be seen in a very small location at one time |
| causes moon phases | moons revolutions and rotation periods are excatly alike the moon orbits the earth a little less than one time per month as the moon moves around the earth we only see the portion which is pacing the sun the moon's phases go as followed |
| moon phases | new > crescent> waxing 1st quarter > waxing gibbous > full moon > waning gibbous> waning 3rd quarter > new moon |
| Earth's seasons | tilted axis 23.5 degrees during summer the northern hemisphere positioned facing toward the sun winter the sourthern hemisphere angled toward the sun it should be noted that the earth closest in its orbits the sun during the northern hemispheres winter |
| year | the amount of time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun |
| day | time it takes the earth to make a complete rotation |
| hour | 15 degrees of longitude on earth |
| understanding time zones | prime meridian is at 0 longitude through england, each spacing is = 15 (= 1 hr) total of 24 lines of longitude & a 360 circumference around the earth 180 longitude International Data Line position on earth where our calendars change from 1 day to the next |
| geosnchronous orbits and recognize how satellites | circle the earth once a day, time it takes to travel around the earth is called its period, |
| geostationary satellites | hover over the equator, they are used for TV broadcasting cell phones weather and military |
| manned space missions | not cost effective limits include time constraints and the ability to supply enough food oxygen and water for human beings for a period of time trips to the moon and space station |
| unmanned space missions | greater potential can operate at much longer durations w/out the need to return to the earth equipment can be smaller and much more cost effective ex would be hubble space telescope mars rovers spirit&opportunity&cassini-huygens mission (saturn and moons) |
| scientific contributions of remote sensing | remote sensing is used to view a wide variety of conditions on the earth, have been used to view the magnetic field, the heat, the atmosphere, "hole in the ozone" POES and GOES weather satellites etc. |
Created by:
scandisandi
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