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Microbilogy 1113
Host-Microbe interactions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infection | Describes the colonization and growth of pathogenic microorganisms in/on an individual (host) |
| infectious Disease | When infection causes pathology |
| Symbosis | Describes the association of two different organsims. ie:humans and microorganisms. |
| Commensalism | When one organism benefits and the other remains unaffected |
| Mutualism | When both organisms benefit |
| Parasitism | when one organism (pathogen) benefits to the detriment of the otehr, results in disease |
| Normal Flora (microbiota) | 1.Colonize on body surfaces and cavities after birth2.Are mostly bacteria3.Many are beneficial to the host4.Some are permenant, some are transient |
| How do normal flora benefit hosts? | 1.they provide essential substances2.They prevent the growth of pathogens by consuming essential nutrients needed by pathogens and producing chemicals toxic to pathogens |
| Saprobes | Normal flora with NO ability to cause disease |
| Oppurtunists | Normal flora that are able to cause disease when present in unusual body sites or when host is debilitated |
| Pathogens | Normal flora that are able to cause disease in a healthy host. They have properties that help them to cause disease. |
| Noncommunicable diseases | Are NOT spread from one host to another ie UTI |
| Communicable diseases | MAY BE spread from one host to another |
| Contagious disease | are EASILY spread from one host to another |
| Sporadic disease | occur occasionally, usually repeats in host, are noncommunicable |
| endemic disease | a disease that is always present in population at a certain rate |
| epidemic | one that occurs at an usually high incidence in a population |
| pandemic | a world wide epidemic (hiv aids) |
| Local infection | involves a limited area of body, does not spread |
| Systemic infection | where infectious agents spreads through the body by way way of blood stream and/or lymphatics |
| primary infection | a disease that occurs in a healty person |
| secondary infection | a disease that occurs in an individual who is weakened or debilitated by a primary infection |
| Incubation period | period of time between infection and onset of symptoms. |
| Prodromal period | initial, mild, more generalized symptoms |
| Illness | development of typical symptoms associated with a particular agent |
| period of decline | when symptoms begin to subside |
| period of convalescence | host gradually recovers completely |
| Reservoir of infectious agents | where the infectious agent survives and grows and from which an individual is exposed, source of organism causing illness. |
| endogenous disease | caused by and individuals own normal flora |
| exogenous disease | caused by infectious agents that are aquired from the outside |
| Contact transmission | direct (touching kissing sexual)indirect(contact with fomites)droplet (infected mucous droplets, less than 1M) |
| Vehicle | Infectious agent carried in/on a non viable carrierfood, water, air |
| Vector transmission | infectious agent carried by a living carrier, usuallt an anthropd, from one hose to another ie mice, fly, tick. |
| Mechanical Vector | organisms on a surface of vector |
| Biological Vector | More complex, spread by the bite of an anthropod |
| What are the 4 steps to control infectious disease? | 1.Eliminate resivoir or infectious agent2.Interrupt means of transmission3.Enhance immunity of susceptible individuals4.Prophylactic administration of antimicrobials |
| Nonsocomial infections | Hospital aquired, may be endogenous or exogenous. May occur because:1.Pt are debilitated2.Pt have wounds, indwelling catheters, which allow entrance of infectious agents3.Pt are exposed to hospital strains of infectious agents |
| Characteristics of hospital strains of infectious agents | 1.More resistant2.Accumulate in hospital due to use of antimicrobials |
| Control of nonsocomial infections in hospitals | 1.All infections are monitored2.sources of agents are found and eliminated3.Procedures are changed to prevent infection |
| Adhesins | chemical substances on the bacterial surface that binds them to hose surfaces, usually mucous membranes, adhesins are pili and cell surface molecules |
| Invasins | Products of the bacterial cell wall that allows them to enter tissues and spread |
| What are the 3 invasins? | 1.Enzymes that elimiate barriers at surface.2.Hyaluronidase- degrades molecules that hold host cells together,"spreading factor"3.Fibrinolysin-degrades blood clots that allow teh organism to spread |
| Evasins | Molecules that allow the infectious agent to survive in the host cell |
| What are the 4 evasins? | 1.Capsules-prevents phagocytosis2.Cell Wall Molecules-prevent phagocytosis3.Coagulase-Facilitates blood clotting, protects bacteria4.Leukocidins-proteins that damage the membrance of WBC's, allow bacteria to survive |
| Exotoxins | proteins secreted from the bacterial cell; they bind to certain body sites and cause damagea.Diptheria toxinb.Tetanospasminc.botulinum toxinCan be heated and Denatured and act as an immunization |
| Endotoxin | lippolysaccharide (LPS) that can NOT be destroyed with heat, they are present in the outter membrane of ALL GRAM NEG bacteria. they cause fever, chills, weakness, aches, activation of complement, blood clotting, damage to blood vessels, damage to internal |
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