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Chemistry
Test 1 Part 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Science | a process that produces knowledge. It involves the scientific method. |
| Observations | part of the scientific method that leads to questions |
| Hypothesis | a testable statement about how something works. |
| Null Hypothesis | when it is easier to test that something is wrong rather than true. |
| Data | you collect this through field experiments |
| Replication, Sample Size, Accuracy, Precision | Your data should be these 4 things: |
| Interpreting Results | reject or fail to reject (support) a hypothesis based on what the data shows/does not show |
| 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Collect Data 4. Interpreting Results | Name the steps of the scientific method |
| NO | Can you prove a hypothesis? |
| Theory | a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and supported by multiple researchers and has wide acceptance among the scientific community. |
| Law | this takes a broad view of numerous observations and explain general processes by do not explain “why”. Many are true under limited circumstances and are less commonly used. |
| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Weight | is the force that results from gravity |
| Mass | does not change with different gravity pulls |
| Atom | smallest particle that has the chemical property of an element |
| Element | composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller/simpler components |
| 94 natural 24 made in labratories | How many natural elements are there? How many are made in laboratories? |
| Molecule | made up of more than 1 atom |
| Compound | made up of more than 1 element |
| compounds/molecules | All _____ are molecules but not all _______are compounds |
| O2 & N2 CO2 & H2O | Name a molecule. Name a molecule/compound |
| Electrons | Negatively charged particles |
| Protons | positive electrical charge particles |
| Neutrons | no electrical charge |
| Atomic Number | # of protons |
| Atomic Mass | number of protons and neutrons |
| Isotope | same element but with a different number of neutrons ex:Carbon |
| Radioactive | Isotopes can be stable or unstable and when they have unstable nuclei they are |
| Radioactive Decay | spontaneous release of material from nucleus - can change from one element to another |
| Uranium-235 (^235U) to Thorium-231 (^231Th) | This decay can be used to produce heat water and make steam |
| Half-Life | time it takes one-half of the original atoms to decay |
| 235U half-life is 704 million years | What is the half life of Uranium 235? |
| 1. Alfa 2. Beta 3. Gamma | What are three types of radioactive emissions? |
| Alfa Particles | positive charge- made up of helium nuclei (2p and 2n). Tend to be weak/cannot pass through a sheet of paper |
| Beta Particles | negatively charged- made up of high speed electrons. Can be stopped by a sheet of aluminum |
| Gamma Radiation | high energy photons- Require a block of lead- can penetrate very far into material, and is therefore the most dangerous to life. |
| Carbon | this is the atmosphere is always found in the same ratio. |
| Carbon | Living organisms take in _____ at atmosphere ratios- when they die, no new carbon enters the tissues. Scientists can determine how long ago the organisms died based on the remaining levels of ^14C. ^14C decays to ^14N. |
| Covalent Bonds | when the elements share electrons, # of electrons in each orbit is 2n^2 (for K,L,M,N orbits is 2,8,18,32). Atoms strive to have a complete outer shell- they can share, take or cast off electrons. |
| Ionic Bond | found in charged atoms that form ions. Opposite charged atoms form bonds. Weaker than covalent bonds. |
| Anion | negatively charged ion |
| Cation | positively charged ion |
| Hydrogen Bonds | weaker than ionic and covalent bonds. When H atoms covalently bonded to an atom are attached to a second atom on another molecule |
Created by:
acorso3
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