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Physiology II-2
Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What role does water play in plasma? | Transport medium for heat |
| What is hematocrit? | Packed cell volume (i.e. after centrifuge) |
| What are the structural developments of erythrocytes? | Biconcave disc maximizes surface area to facilitate diffusion and thin flexible cell membrane |
| What is the role of hemoglobin? | Enables transport of O2 (4 O2 per hemoglobin) |
| What enzymes do erythrocytes produce? | Glycolytic (fuel active transport) and Carbonic Anhydrase (catalyzes CO2 into HCO3-) |
| What is erythropoeisis? | Erythrocyte production stimulated by erythropoietin |
| Where is erythropoietin produced? | Kidney |
| What is anemia? | Below-normal O2 carrying capacity due to low hematocrit |
| What is nutritional anemia? | Not enough intake of B12, folic acid, or iron |
| What is pernicious anemia? | Can't absorb B12 |
| What is aplastic anemia? | Not enough RBCs produced in bone marrow |
| What is renal anemia? | No erythropoietin produced |
| What is hemorrhagic anemia? | Blood loss |
| What is hemolytic anemia? | Rupturing of RBCs |
| What is sickle cell disease? | Genetic mutation in hemoglobin protein |
| What is primary polycythemia? | Uncontrolled erythropoiesis - elevated hematocrit |
| What is secondary polycythemia? | Increased erythropoiesis in response to increase of altitude - elevated hematocrit |
| What is relative polycythemia? | Loss of plasma through dehydration - elevated hematocrit |
| What happens to RBCs in the spleen? | End of life cycle - phagocytosed |
| How is iron metabolised? | Transported in blood bound to transferrin in GIT and liver, and bound to ferritin for storage in liver, spleen, and small intestine |
| How is fetal hemoglobin different than adult? | Higher affinity for O2 |
| What do neutrophils do? | Destroy bacteria through phagocytosis and NETs |
| What do eosinophils do? | Secrete toxic molecules when bound to parasites by exocytosing cytoplasmic granules |
| What do basophils do? | Release toxic molecules; synthesize and store histamine & heparin |
| What do monocytes do? | Macrophages that mature and enlarge in resident tissue |
| What do lymphocytes do? | Immune defense against programmed targets |
| What do B lymphocytes do? | Produce antibodies for antibody-mediated immunity |
| What do T lymphocytes do? | Directly destroy target cells for cell-mediated immunity |
| What are the properties of platelets? | Shed from megakaryocytes, contain actin & myosin, released by sympathetic splenic contraction |
| What does thrombopoietin do? Increase platelet production | |
| What is hemostasis? | Minimizes blood loss from broken blood vessels |
| What are the steps in hemostasis? | Vascular spasm, platelet plug forms, clotting cascade triggered |
| What is vascular spasm? | Vasoconstriction and sticky endothelium - decreased blood flow |
| What is a platelet plug? | Platelets aggregate on contact with exposed collagen and vWF, become sticky, release vasoconstrictors & TXA2 (positive feedback) |
| What is vWF? | Von Willebrand factor, activates platelets and causes them to become sticky |
| What does ADP do in a platelet plug? | Stimulates production of TXA2 |
| What does TXA2 do? | Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation in a platelet plug |
| How is RBC aggregation inhibited by healthy endothelial cells? | Prostacyclin (PGI2) and Nitric Oxide (NO) prevent spread of platelet plug |
| What role does actin & myosin play in a platelet plug? | Compacts plug for strength |
| What triggers the clotting cascade? | Intrinsically (7 steps) via factor XII from contact with exposed collagen, and extrinsically (4 steps) via factor X from thromboplastin released from traumatized tissue |
| What is the process for clotting factors in forming the platelet plug? | Fibrinogen - fibrin (loose) - fibrin (mesh) |
| What is thrombomodulin? | Anticoagulant bound to thrombin |
| What is a thrombus? | Abnormal clot attached to a blood vessel wall |
| What is an emboli? | A freely floating blood clot |
| What role does aspirin play in low doses? | Anticoagulant; inhibits TXA2 and decreases platelet aggregation |
| What role does aspirin play in high doses? | Coagulant; inhibits formation of prostacyclin and increases platelet aggregation |
Created by:
ugrn
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