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Photosynthesis
science chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pigments | make up the color of a leaf.gathers suns energy, priccipal pigment in plants is chlorphyll |
| chlorophyll | absorbs light in the bleu and red regions but not green because green is the most reflected so thats what we see |
| chloroplast | organelles indide of plnat cells where photosynthesis happens |
| thyakoids | the inner membrane of rhe chlorolplast forms stacks of connected sacs |
| stroma | gel-like material around grana |
| grana | thyalkoid stack |
| light reactions | first reaction that occurs in thalakiod membranes also called independent reaction |
| photosystems | makeup of clusters of chlorophyll molecules and embedded in the thylakioid membranes |
| Calvin cycle | second reaction occurs in the stroma also called light independent reactions |
| ATP | is used in stroma to make carbohydrates like a glucose |
| NADP + | takes on/picks up high-energy electrons and hytrogen ions from the light reactions to form NADPH |
| NADPH | carries energy be passed on to the calvin cycle |
| what do light reactions use light energy for | to split water producing oxygen and h ions |
| ATP synthase | it recives energy from H+ ions to bid phosphate to ADP making ATP , enzyme in the thlakoid memberane |
| what is the puropse of the calvin cycle | it is where the cell makes sugars and other organic molecules like proteins and lipids |
| carbon fixataiton | the processes of fixing carbon to form that can be used |
| where does the calvin cycle occur | in the stroma of the chloroplast |
| what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis | light intensity, temperature, co2 and 02 concentration, water avaliablity and humidity |
| principle of limiting factors | says that the max rate of photosynthesis is limited by whichever basic resource of plant growth is in least supply Ex. light intensity, temperature, co2 |
| photinhibition | a decline in photosynthesis by excess light causes chlorophyll to accumulate electrons faster than it can transfer them during the light reactions |
| Photorespiration | when reubisco fixes O2 NOT CO2, this occurs only in light, rates increases with temperature, it joins it to RuBP. it makes one molecule of PGA and one of phosphoglycolate, results when oxygen levles are high or CO2 is really low |
| photospholglycate | can be broken down to carbon dioxide but the plant has still lost fixed carbon atoms because of this |
| which organisms have the greatest problem with photorespiration | c3 plants |
| high energy photons have | short wavelengths |
| what occurs during the light reactions | electron transport, chemoiosmosis, spliting of water |
| the final product of the calvin cycle | gp3 |
| calvin are limited by | co2, temperature and light |
| oxygen that is realeased as o2 molecules during photosyntiesis comes from what | water moelcules |
| light reactions of photosynthesis happen where | thlakoid membranes |
| the electron transport chain, H+ ions are used for | atp synthase |
| during photosynthesis carbon dioxide is used as a reactant in | the calvin cycle |
| carbon dioxide is converted to pga then g3p during | the calvin cycle |
| photoinhabition | when the rate of photosynthesis declines due to light intensity, photosynthesis increases and all will increase as longs as factors are educate but eventually one factor will run out |
| palisade layer | holds the most chloroplasts for maximum light absorption |
| Thylakoid membranes | the electron transport chain and atp synthase can be found throughout this |
| Photorespiration | O2 binds to RuBP instead of CO2 to RuBP which makes PGA and phosphate causing a lot of fixed carbon atoms to be lost |
| chromatography | the process of separating pigments in a leaf |
| where does energy come from to convert co2 to glucose in the calvin cycle | atp and nadph |
| what happpens to the g3p that isnt used to make organic molecules in the calvin cycle | it is recycled to make more rubp |
| when photons of light enter the thylakoids and water is split, what are the H+ ions and electrons used for | the are used to make ATP and to convert NADP+ to NADPH which is an energy carrier |
| what does ribsico bind together | RuPB+ CO2 = PGA which is sugar/G3P |
| cuticle | waxy layer that prevents water from being lost by evaporation |
| lower/upper epidermis | protects tissues inbetween the layers |
| stomata | pair of sausage shapped cells that change shape to open and close a pre that minimize water loss and puts out gasses |
| palaside mesophyll | cells convert the suns energy into chemical energy most chloroplasst are located here |
| spongy mesophyll | contains lots of gaps for air O2 and CO2 morve through |
| what does the vascular bundle consist of | xylem and phloem |
| xylem | transports water |
| phloem | transports nutrients |
| equation for photosynthesis | 6C02 + 6H20 + Sunlight Energy =C6H12O6 |
| what happens in the thalkoids | light reactions and it consists of photosystems |
| what goes into the light reactions | h2o, co2 - atmosphere ADP- ATP, Light- sun, NADP- grana, phosphate- calvin cycle |
| what leaves light reactions | ATP, NADPH - calvin cycle O2- atmosphere |
| what enters the calvin cycle | ATP, NADPH - light reactions, C02- atmosphere |
| what leaves the calvin cycle | sugar- consumption, G3P - making glucose, NADP, ADP- light reactions |
| why do plants have multiple pigments | they want to absorb as much light for an energy source |
| why does a plant photosynthesize under blue light | blue is one of the colors asorbed so it is still used as energy |
| what does Rubisco do int the calvin cycle | it fixes cod to bind RuBP to CO2 to make Sugar/G3P |
| in cross section of leaf where will the most photosynthesis occur | in palisade mespphyll because it is towards the top of the leaf so ti has high absorption and the most chloroplasts |
| CAM plant | fix carbon dioxide at night using pepco and conserve water the best |
| ultimate goal of photosynthesis | produce glucose and other organic materials |
| products of photosynthesis role in carbon cycle | removes co2 from the atmosphere and produces o2 in which animals use to produce CO2 |
Created by:
emassmann
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