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Viticulture - I
Grapevine Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vascular cells are: | Longitudinal |
| What is the function of the xylem? | To conduct water and minerals throughout the plant. |
| What is the function of the phloem? | To conduct "food" from the leaves to the vine structures. |
| What is Binomial Nomenclature? | A two word species naming convention. |
| Classification Scheme: | Kingdom > Phyllum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Subgenus > Species > Variety |
| Grapevine Classification Scheme: | Vitis (Genus) > Vitis/Muscadinia (Sub-genus) > Vinifera/Labrusca (Species) > Variety |
| Name two hybrids: | Baco Noir and Marechal Foch |
| Characteristics of Vitis Vinifera | Bark sheds, grapes stay connected to stem at maturity, leaves may or may not have opposing tendrils. |
| What is the petiole? | The leaf stem. |
| What is the Cordon? | A horizontal extension of the trunk, from which grows shoots and canes. |
| What is a Shoot? | The current year's stem-like growth. |
| What is a Cane? | Previous years' lignified (woody) growth. |
| What is a Spur? | A cane pruned to produce shoots. |
| How many buds should a spur have, in order to produce fruit? | At least 3, typically 3 - 6. |
| What is the trunk? | The main woody structure of the vine. |
| What is the root? | The plant organ responsible for water and nutrient movement. It stabilizes the plant and produces hormones, stores nutrients during dormancy. |
| What is a Scion? | The portion of the plant above the graft. |
| What is the difference between a Watersprout and a Sucker? | The watersprout grows from the trunk, and the sucker grows from the rootstock underground. For grafted vines, these can be of two different species. |
| What is a Node? | The swollen region of the stem/cane where buds and leaves are attached. |
| What is the internode? | The region of the plant between nodes. |
| What is the rootstock? | The root region that is grafted to a scion. |
| What does the trunk size indicate? | The age of the vine, as well as the nutritional health. |
| What is Mycorrhizal Association? | It is a symbiotic relationship between the plant root and soil fungus that enables exchange of organic sugars from the plant root with inorganic nutrients (phosphorus, zinc, copper) from the fungus. |
| What is an Axillary bud? | A bud that grows in the axil (positions along the shoots where leaves develop). |
| What is the primary action of leaves? | Photosynthesis. |
| What are rachis? | Stems. |
| What is inflorescence? | A collection of flowers on rachis. |
| A compound bud contains which types of buds? | Primary, secondary, and tertiary buds. |
| Lateral buds may do what? | Generate summer lateral shoots or become latent buds. |
| What is the Cambium? | It produces the xylem and phloem, and is responsible for annual woody growth. |
| What is veraison? | The onset of color change in the fruit. |
| What is the purpose of the tendril? | To twine around the trellising system in order to secure the vines. |
| What is photosynthesis? | The sunlight-activated production of organic compounds from CO2 and water. |
| What is the most important by-product of photosynthesis? | Sucrose. |
| What factors may affect the rate of photosynthesis? | Leaf maturity, sun exposure, temperature, cloud cover, shade, water conditions, fruit load, canopy size, leaf position relative to angle of sunlight. |
| What is "sunflecking"? | Intermittent penetration of sunlight into the canopy. |
| What is transpiration? | Water loss through the leaves, which serves to cool the plant. |
| What are the stomata? | Tiny openings in the leaf/berry surface that permit transpiration of evaporated water into the atmosphere. |
| The grape berry is surrounded by what kind of thin coating? | Wax. |
| What are the two main acids found in the grape berry? | Tartaric and malic acids. |
| The grape content of which type of acid changes the most during the ripening process? | Malic acid. |
| Increased vigor has what effect on the grape? | Reduced grape acidity and higher pH. |
| What type of compound is responsible for the color in red/black grapes? | Anthocyanins. |
| What is the primary source of phenolics in wines? | The skins of the grapes. |
| What is overcropping, and what effect does it have on berry maturation? | Allowing a large amount of fruit per vine may delay ripening, increase acidity, reduce color, sugar, and flavor compounds. |
| What is undercropping, and what effect does it have on berry maturation? | Forcing a small amounf of fruit per vine may increase shading, depress acidity, increase berry size, which can in turn dimish the influence of the skin compounds. |
| What factors affect berry maturation? | Yield, sunlight, temperature, inorganic nutrients, water. |
| Name characteristics of Vitis Muscadinia: | Hot regions of the US, bark does not shed, berries are detached singly, short and small clusters. |
| If top tendrils are visible on the plant, what stage of growth is it in? | Vegetative growth state. |
| What is the Periderm? | The bark - older protective tissues. |
| What is the Casparian Strip? | It is part of the root structure, that stops water and nutrients between the cortex and the vasculature. |
| Which is the active pathway? | The nutrient pathway. |
| Which is the passive pathway? | Water pathway. |
| Peak root growth occurs when? | During fruit set, starting with bud break through to harvest; this is to find water and minerals for the fruit. |
| What factors affect root growth? | Water and oxygen amounts, soil temperature, soil compaction. |
| What factors can induce high vigor? | Lots of water, undercropping, sever pruning, fertilizer. |
| What factors affect photosynthesis? | Leaf temp, water status, nutrient availability. |
| When is the flower cluster initiated? | The season prior to the current crop. |
| What are the most important factors for cluster initiation? | Sunlight and temperature. |
| What is bloom? | Bloom is the stage when the cap (calyptra) dehisces (dries out, separates and pops off) from the flower, and the anthers have fully separated and spread apart. |
| What are the 3 stages of berry development? | Cell division (rapid cell growth and seed development), lag (slow growth and lots of acid, ending in veraison), berry enlargement (growth and ripening of berry) |
| What factors may delay ripening? | Overcropping, excessively hot or cool climates. |
Created by:
KellyBarry
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