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Earth Science Ch. 1
Foundations of Earth Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ____________ are the building blocks of rocks | Minerals |
| Study of minerals is _____________ | mineralogy |
| Defining a Mineral • Geologists’ definition: | – Naturally occurring – Inorganic solid – Orderly crystalline structure – Definite chemical composition |
| ___________ are not considered minerals | Synthetic materials |
| Minerals are naturally occurring: | – Form by natural geologic processes |
| Minerals | are generally inorganic |
| Crystalline solids from organic sources | are generally not considered minerals generally not considered minerals |
| Some organisms secrete inorganic compounds like calcium carbonate, this secretion when hardened is | Considered a mineral when they become part of the rock record |
| All Minerals are solid substances except | mercury occurs naturally as a liquid |
| Minerals have an orderly crystalline structure: What is a crystalline structure? | – Atoms are arranged in an organized, repetitive manner – Organization is reflected in the crystal shape |
| Minerals have a chemical composition that allows for some variation such as: | – Most minerals are compounds – Can be expressed as a chemical formula – Composition may vary slightly if certain elements substitute for others |
| Minerals Can be expressed as a | chemical formula • Example: quartz = SiO2 |
| Substituting elements about the same size will | not change the crystalline structure of the mineral |
| • A rock is | • A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate mass of mineral, or mineral-like matter |
| Most rocks are aggregates of | several different minerals |
| What are the defining characteristics of a mineral? | – Naturally occurring – Inorganic – Solid – Crystalline structure – Definite chemical composition |
| What are the particles that make up an atom? | protons Neutrons electrons |
| do protons have a positive, negative, or neutral charge? | positive |
| do neutrons have a positive, negative, or neutral charge? | neutral |
| do electrons have a positive, negative, or neutral charge | negative |
| All matter — including minerals — is composed of | atoms |
| All atoms ( excluding H and He) formed inside | massive stars by nuclear fusion |
| An atom is the smallest particle that | cannot be chemically split |
| Protons and neutrons have | almost identical masses |
| Electrons are | much smaller (1/2000) than protons and t neu rons |
| – Protons have a charge of | +1 |
| Electrons have a charge of | -1 |
| Most matter is neutral, because | the charges of protons and electrons cancel each other out |
| Electrons are sometimes shown | orbiting the nucleus like planets in a solar system |
| Electrons actually surround | the nucleus like a cloud |
| Electrons Move around the nucleus in a cloud with | different regions called principle shells |
| Each principle shell of electrons | has an energy level and a specific number of electrons |
| The outer shell of an atom contains | valence electrons |
| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | gives its atom gives its atomic number atomic number |
| valence electrons | • Interact with valence electrons of other atoms to form chemical bond |
| atomic number – Determines | chemical nature of atom |
| – All atoms with the same atomic number are | known as an element |
| Approximately __________ naturally occurring l t © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. elements | 90 |
| Elements are arranged in the | periodic table |
| • Elements with similar properties line up in | columns |
| Most minerals are chemical compounds Define chemical compunds | – Two or more elements joined together Two or more elements joined together |
| A few minerals are made up of single elements | – Native minerals |
| What are atomic particles? | – Protons – Electrons – Neutrons |
| – Protons: | • Found in the nucleus • H iti h Have a positive charge |
| – Electrons: | • Surround the nucleus like a cloud • Have a negative charge • Valence electrons interact to form bonds |
| – Neutrons: | • Found in the nucleus • Have no charge |
| Atomic bonding: Elements (excluding noble gasses) form bonds under | the temperature and pressure conditions that occur on Earth |
| Bonds lower the | total energy of the atoms and make them more stable |
| ____________valence electrons is a stable arrangement and a full valence shell | eight |
| Elements gain, lose, or share | electrons during chemical reactions |
| • The Octet Rule: | – Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they have eight valence electrons |
| A chemical bond is the | transfer or sharing of electrons that results in a full valence shell |
| – Ionic bonds: | electrons are transferred Ionic bonds: electrons are transferred |
| Covalent bonds: | electrons are shared |
| Metallic bonds: | electrons move around |
| When one atom loses or gains valence electron(s): | , ions are formed |
| • Ionic bonds form when | ions with opposite charges are attracted |
| if Electrons are lost: | becomes a positive ion |
| if Electrons are gained: | becomes a negative ion |
| • Ionic bonds form when | ions with opposite charges are attracted |
| NaCl is an ionic compound because: | – Na loses a valence electron (becomes positive) – Cl g ( g) ains a valence electron (becomes negativ |
| • Ionic compounds have very different | properties than the bonded elements that make them up |
| example of ionic bonds: | Sodium Chloride – Sodium • Soft, silver, toxic metal that reacts explosively when exposed to water – Chlorine • Poisonous green gas used as a chemical weapon during World War I |
| A covalent bond forms | when electrons are shared between atoms |
| Metallic bonds form when | valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another |
| metallic bond qualities: | All atoms share available valence electrons All atoms share available valence electrons – Movement of valence electrons between atoms results in: • High electrical conductivity • Malleability • Other unique properties of metals |
| Why do atoms bond? | The most stable configuration is eight valence electrons |
| Ionic bonds form when electrons are | transferred from one atom to another |
| ____________ Produces negatively and positively charged ions, which are attracted to each other | Ionic bonds |
| ____________form when valence electrons are shared between two atoms | covalent bonds |
| ____________form when valence electrons flow | Metallic bonds |
| Minerals have a definite | crystalline structure and chemical composition |
| Luster is the | quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral |
| – Minerals that look like shiny metal have | have a metallic luster |
| – Nonmetallic luster includes: | • Vitreous or glassy, dull, earthy, pearly, silky, and greasy |
| one physical property of minerls is: | Ability to transmit light |
| Minerals that do not transmit light are | opaque |
| – Minerals that transmit some light, but not an image, Minerals that transmit some light, but not an image, are | translucent |
| Minerals that transmit both light and images are | transparent |
| ____________ may be one of the most obvious properties of a mineral, but it is only a diag pp y nostic property for a few minerals | Color |
| Slight variations in the chemical composition of a mineral can | change the color dramatically |
| Streak | is the color of a mineral in powdered form |
| Metallic minerals | generally have a dense, dark streak |
| Nonmetallic minerals | generally have a light streak |
| Not all minerals | produce a streak |
| Streak is obtained by: | rubbing the sample on an unglazed porcelain tile known as a streak plate – Streak, unlike color, is generally consistent |
| Crystal shape or habit is the | characteristic shape of individual mineral crystals |
| The strength of a mineral is determined by | the strength of its chemical bonds |
| Mineral strength determines how minerals | break or deform under stress |
| Tenacity is a mineral’s | resistance to breaking or deforming |
| – Minerals with ionic bonds tend to be | brittle • They will shatter |
| Minerals with metallic bonds are | malleable • They can be deformed into shapes and thin sheets |
| Sectile minerals can be cut | into thin shavings |
| Elastic minerals will | return to their original shape after being bent |
| Hardness is a mineral’s | resistance to abrasion or scratching |
| Hardness is measured on a scale of 1 to 10 Hardness is measured on a scale of 1 to 10: | (Moh's Scale) |
| Cleavage is the | tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding |
| Cleavage break | produces smooth, flat surfaces where the mineral is broken |
| Fracture is a | property resulting from chemical bonds that are approximately equal in strength |
| Irregular fracture: | uneven broken surface |
| Conchoidal fracture: | smooth, curved broken surface |
| Specific gravity describes | the density of a mineral ( weight compared to water volume) |
| Mineral groups: Economic minerals are | less common than rock-forming minerals, but are used extensively in the manufacture of products |
| eight: | The majority of rock-forming minerals are made up of only ___________ elements |
| Silica and oxygen combine to form the | basic building block for the silicates |
| More than 800 silicate minerals – Make up 90% of the Earth’s crust The remaining mineral groups are often referred to as the | nonsilicates |
| The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is | the building block of all silicates |
| tetrahedron: | Four oxygen atoms surround a much smaller silicon atom |
| Feldspars are the | most plentiful silicates – Over 50% of Earth’s crust |
| Quartz is second Quartz is | second-most-abundant mineral continental crust |
| Most silicate minerals crystallize from | molten rock as it cools |
| Common light silicate minerals include: | – Feldspars – Qua tr z – Muscovite – Clay minerals |
| ___________are the most abundant silicate mineral | Feldspars |
| Feldspars have | – 6 on Mohs hardness scale |
| which silicate mineral Have two directions of cleavage at 90º | feldspar |
| feldspars are found in | igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks |
| Quartz is common in | igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks |
| Quartz rates a | 7 on Mohs hardness scale |
| quartz – Impurities | a variety of colors |
| Muscovite is | a member of the mica family |
| muscovite has | – Excellent cleavage in one direction – 2.5 on Mohs hardness scale |
| Clay minerals are | commonly the weathering product of other silicates |
| Dark silicate minerals contain | iron and magnesium |
| dark silicate minerals: | – Pyroxenes – Amphiboles – Olivine – Biotite – Garnet |
| Olivine is a major | constituent of dark igneous rocks – Abundant in Earth’s upper mantle – Black to olive green color, glassy luster, and granular |
| Pyroxenes are an | important component of dark-col d ore igneous rocks – Augite is black and, opaque and has two directions of cleavage at nearly 90º |
| The amphibole group includes | minerals that commonly make up the dark portion of light-colored rocks |
| • Nonsilicate minerals are divided into groups based on the | negatively charged ion common to the group to the group |
| Nonsilicates make up only about ______ of Earth’s crust | 8% |
| What are the different mineral groups? | Silicates and non silicates |
| Silicates (the most common) are based on | the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron |
| Subdivided into light and dark groups | silicates |
| – Nonsilicates include | negatively charged ions |
| non silicates are: | • Common in sedimentary rocks • Many are economically important |
| Who thinks your great? | Me! |
Created by:
Sargon
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