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AP Bio Chapter48
AP Bio Chapter 48
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord which carry out integration |
| effector cells | the muscle cells or gland cells that actually carry out the body's responses of the body |
| nerves | ropelike bundles of extensions of neurons tightly wrapped in connective tissue, conduct signals |
| peripheral nervous system (pns) | the nerves that communicate motor and sensory signals between the CNS and the rest of the body |
| neuron | the functional unit of the nervous system and is specialized for transmitting signals from one location in the body to another |
| cell body | part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and a variety of other cellular organelles |
| dendrites | convey signals from their tips to the rest of the neuron |
| axon | conduct messages toward their tips |
| myelin sheath | formed by supporting cells, an insulating layer which encloses axons |
| schwann cells | in PNS, the supporting cells that create the myelin sheath |
| oligodendrocytes | in CNS, supporting cells that produce the myelin sheath |
| synaptic terminals | relay signals to other cells by releasing chemical messengers called neurotransmitters |
| synapse | the site of contact between a synaptic terminal and target cell |
| sensory neurons | communicate information about the external and internal environments from sensory receptors to the central nervous system |
| Interneurons | integrate sensory input and motor output and make synaptic connections with other neurons |
| motor neurons | convey impulses from the CNS to effector cells |
| reflex | automatic response such as a knee jerk |
| ganglion | cluster of nerve cell bodies |
| nuclei | similar functional clusters in the brain |
| supporting cells or gila | essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system for the normal functioning of the neurons |
| blood brain barrier | restricts the passage of most substances into the brain allowing the extracellular chemical environment of the CNS to be tightly controlled |
| membrane potential | the voltage measured across the plasma membrane, ranging from -50v to -100mv in an animal cell |
| excitable cells | cells that have the ability to generate changes in their membrane potentials |
| resting potential | the membrane potential of an excitable cell in a resting state |
| gated ion channels | allow the cell to change its membrane potential in response to stimuli the cells receive |
| hyperpolarization | an increase in the electrical gradient across the membrane |
| depolarization | a reduction in the electrical gradient across the membrane |
| graded potential | voltage changes produced by stimulation, the magnitude of change depends on the strength of the stimulus |
| threshold potential | the response of an excitable cell to a depolarizing stimulus that is graded with stimulus intensity only up to a particular level of depolarization |
| action potential | when depolarization reaches the threshold |
| voltage gated ion channels | when the action potential arises because the plasma membranes have these |
| refractory period | the period when the neuron is insensitive to depolarization |
| saltatory conduction | faster impulse transmission in some neurons |
| presynaptic cell | the transmitting cell |
| postsynaptic cell | the receiving cell |
| synaptic cleft | in chemical synapse, the narrow gap that separates the presyntapic cell from the post. |
| synaptic vesicles | in the cytoplasm at the tip of the presynatptic axon |
| neurotransmitter | the substance that is released as an intercellular messenger into the synaptic cleft |
| presynaptic membrane | the surface of the synaptic terminal that faces the cleft |
| postsynaptic membrane | the plasma membrane of the cell body or dendrite on the other side of the synapse |
| excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) | electrical change caused by the binding of neurotransmitter to the receptor |
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) | the voltage change associated with chemical signaling at an inhibitory synapse |
| summation | the additive effect of postsynaptic potential |
| acetylcholine | excitatory to vertebrate skeletal muscles, excitatory or inhibitory at other sites |
| norepinephrine | excitatory or inhibitory |
| dopamine | generally excitatory but can be inhibitory |
| serotonin | generally inhibitory |
| GABA | inhibitory |
| glycine | inhibitory |
| glutamate | excitatory |
| aspartate | excitatory |
| substance p | excitatory |
| met-enkephalin | generally inhibitory |
| nerve net | a system of nerves that branch throughout the body |
| cephalization | a concentration of feeding organs, sensors and neutral structures at the anterior (head) end the part of the body most likely to come into contact with stimuli |
| nerve cord | a thick bundle of nerves usually extending throughout the body from the brain |
| white matter | bundles of axons, color from myelin sheath |
| gray matter | nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated axons |
| central canal | narrow, part of the spinal cord, continuous fluid filled spaces |
| ventricles | fluid filled spaces in the brain |
| cerebrospinal fluid | what the cavities are filled with |
| meninges | layers of connective tissue |
| cranial nerves | originate in the brain and innervate organs of the head and upper body |
| spinal nerves | originate in the spinal cord and innervate the entire body |
| sensory division | convey info to the CNS from sensory receptors that monitor the external and internal environment |
| motor division | convey signal from the CNS to the effector cells |
| somatic nervous system | carries signals to skeletal muscles mainly in response to external stimuli |
| automatic nervous system | conveys signals that regulate the internal environment |
| parasympatic division | enhance activites that gain and conserve energy |
| sympatric division | increase energy consumption and prepare individual for action by accelerating the heart rate |
| forebrain | telensephalon-cerebrum, diencephalon-thalmus, hypothalmus, epithalmus |
| midbrain | mesencephalon-part of brain stem |
| hindbrain | metencephalon-pons and cerebrum, mylencephalon- medulla |
| cerebral hemispheres | parts of the brain |
| basal | motor skills |
| cerebral cortex | most complex and changed the most |
| corpus callosum | connects right and left of cerebral cortex |
| EEG | brain pattern records |
| reticular formation | passes through the core of the brain stem |
| limbic system | a functional group of nuclei and interconnecting axon tracts in the CNS |
| amygdala | prominent component in the limbic system that is the center of convergence for sensory data and a major organizer of emotional information |
| short term memory | reflects an immediate sensory perception of an object or idea before the image is stored |
| long term memory | stored information that can be called upon for weeks after |
| hippocampus | key in brain research |
| long term depression | decreased responsiveness to an action potential by a postsynaptic cell |
| long term potentiation | an enhanced responsiveness to an action potential by a postsynaptic cell |
| consciousness | subjective awareness |
Created by:
stophammertime1290
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