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Bio Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy= | Structure |
| Physiology= | Function |
| Gross Anatomy | Large structures, body, study of cadavers |
| Microscopic Anatomy | Smaller structures, can be seen only wth a microscope |
| Scientific Method: Seven Steps | Observation, Hypothesis, Test it, Collect data, Analyze it, Make a conclusion, Start again |
| What is The Chemical level | Atoms, molecules, complex shapes and their interactions |
| What is the Cellular level | Smallest living unit in the body, organelles |
| What is the tissue level | Many cells put together |
| What is the organ level | Two or more tissues working together, perform a specific function |
| What is the Organ system level | Two or more organs working together |
| What is the Organism level | All organ systems working together, maintaining the life of a living thing |
| Homeostasis= | Everything working together for the common good |
| What are the types of regulation? | Autoregulation and Extrinsic regulation |
| What is auto regulation? | cells, tissues, organs sense a disturbance and respond |
| What is Extrinsic regulation? | a cell type detects disturbance, sends signal elsewhere in body |
| What are the three components of regulatory system? | Receptor, Control center, Effector |
| What does the receptor do? | sensitive to stimulus |
| What does the control center do? | directs a response |
| What does the effector do? | changes activity to carry out response |
| Negative feedback= | response reduces or negates original signal |
| Positive feedback= | response escalates or intensifies the original signal |
| What are X-rays | oldest method, uses electromagnetic radiation to identify dense objects |
| Barium solution is? | The liquid that must be swallowed in order to identify soft tissue |
| CAT scan | Many x-ray images put together by a computer like a puzzle |
| MRI scan | Huge magnet rotates around body, moving your atoms, then radio pulse, detecting the structures in your brain, and computer then assembles the image |
| PET scan | detects radiation and computer reconstructs image, to detect brain activity, cancer, blood flow |
| Ultrasound | High frequency sound waves bounce off different structures and go back to the receiver |
| Echogram = | Image produced from and ultrasound |
| Chemistry = | Study of matter "stuff" |
| Mass = | amount of material in an object |
| Atom = | one of the smallest units of matter |
| Atoms are made up of? | protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-) |
| protons and electrons | Most stable atoms have the same number of ____________ |
| isotopes= | When the number of neutrons vary |
| Molecule= | atoms sharing electrons, joined together |
| Compound= | broader, any atoms interacting |
| Ionic bonds = | Interaction between two charged atoms |
| Covalent bonds= | Sharing electrons, not taking them |
| Free radicals= | atoms "steals" electron, instead of sharing, other one is hyperreactive |
| Non polar covalent bonds= | both atoms "pull" equally |
| Polar covalent bonds= | one atoms "pull" is stronger |
| Hydrogen bond= | A relatively weak interaction between partially charged molecules |
| Hydrogen | Hydrogen bonds most commonly involve ________ |
| Water | Hydrogen bonds gives _________ its properties |
| Metabolism= | All chemical reactions going on inside of a cell |
| Catabolism = | decomposition of complex molecules |
| Anabolism = | Synthesizing large molecules in the cell |
| Decomposition reactions= | Big molecules broken down into smaller ones |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down water molecules |
| Synthesis reactions | Smaller molecules combining into a larger one |
| Activation energy | Required to start a reaction |
| Enzymes | Are catalysts; they get the reaction started |
| Solute | Substance dissolved |
| Solvent | Water |
| Solution | Mixture of solute and solvent |
| Electrolytes | Soluble inorganic compounds in your blood that carry a charge |
| partially | Water is ___________ charged |
| Hydrophilic | Some atoms ,charge, |
| Hydrophobic | Other atoms,not charged, dissociate from the water |
| Buffering systems | Weak acidic or basic compounds that absorb H+ or OH -,regulate your PH levels |
| Carbohydrates= | sugars and starches; "one hexagon" |
| Simple carbohydrates= | monosaccharides, simplest form, single carbohydrate unit, only 3-7 carbon atoms |
| ringform | ______________ form monosaccharide is most common |
| Hyperglycemia | Too much glucose |
| Hypoglycemia | Too little glucose |
| What corrects the amount of glucose that the body has? What is released to correct this? | Pancreas, insulin |
| Type 1 Diabetes= | No insulin produced |
| Type 2 Diabetes= | Insulin resistance |
| Disaccharides= | Two sugar units |
| Polysaccharides= | many sugar units |
| Glycogen= | Animal starch |
| Lipids= | fats, oils, steroids |
| What elements are lipids made up of? | Carbon and Hydrogen and oxygen |
| Fatty acids = | Long chains of carbon with a carboxyl group at "head" |
| What are the two types of lipids? | Saturated and unsaturated |
| Saturated= | maximum number of hydrogens |
| Saturated fats tend to be... | solid |
| unsaturated= | extra carbon bonds, causes "kinks" in chain |
| Unsaturated fats tend to be.... | liquids |
| What is the most well-known fats? | Omega - 3 fatty acids |
| Trans fat= | Hydrogens added to unsaturated fats to make them saturated and solid |
| Triglycerides= | fat storage for energy reserves as well as insulation; Has glycerol |
| Eicosanoids= | lipids that are hormones |
| Leukotrienes= | coordinate response to injury |
| Prostaglandis= | inflammatory response to injury |
| Cholesterol= | most common steroid, lipid in your cells that is created by your body and taken via food |
| Lipitor= | best selling drug of all time. reduces blood cholesterol level |
| Cortisol= | stress response |
| testosterone and estrogens help with? | reproduction |
| Phospholipids and glycolipids = | Structure of cells, makes up cell membrane |
| This takes up 20% of body weight, and is the most abundant organic molecule | proteins |
| What are the elements that make up proteins? | Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| What do proteins consist of? | Amino acids |
| amino acids are linked by ? | peptide bonds |
| peptide= | `single long chain |
| polypeptide= | multiple chains working together |
| What are the four levels of protein structure? | Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, Quaternary structure |
| Primary structure= | amino acids linked together |
| secondary strucutre= | alpha helix; bonding between strands |
| Tertiary structure= | three dimensional; bending and twisting |
| Quaternary structure= | entire structure working together |
| Substrates= | reactants bind to enzymes |
| Active site= | location where reaction happens |
| products= | after reaction |
| The building code of life? | DNA and RNA |
| DNA and RNA are made up of what elements? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus |
| DNA= | double helix, sturdy, holds info |
| RNA= | single helix, temporary and fragile, messenger and worker |
| ATP= | "Energy currency of the cell" |
| number of phosphate in ATP? | 3 |
| Cell= | smallest living unit in the body |
| cells come from? | division of other cells |
| Sex cells= | cells for reproduction |
| Do cells regulate their own homeostasis? | yes |
| Somatic cells= | Cells of the body |
| Plasma membrane= | Physical isolation, structural support, sensitive to environmental change |
| Membranes are made up of ? | Phospholipid bialye |
| True or false: hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior | true |
| Plasma membranes are full of ? | Cholesterol |
| Glycocalyx= | Carbohydrates on outside of membrane |
| Diffusion= | particles move from where there is more, to where there is fewer |
| Osmosis | Water movement |
| Cytoplasm= | "stuff" inside the cell; fluid and structures |
| Cytosol= | just the fluid; includes inclusions, or masses of lipids |
| Cytoskeleton= | protein network of cell |
| Cytoskeletons have small __________, and big __________ | filaments, microtubules |
| Cilia and Flagella= | finger-like structures supported by cytoskeleton microfilaments |
| Why are cilia and filaments so important? | They're used for movement of the cell |
| cilia= | "beat" rhythmically to move particles across surface |
| Cilia are common where? | In respiratory and digestive tracts |
| Flagella= | bigger, longer structures, for fast cell movement; only found in sperm |
| Ribosomes= | Protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)= | convoluted, folded structure with its own membrane |
| Smooth ER= | no ribosomes on surface, makes glycogen and lipids for liver cells |
| Rough ER= | contain ribosomes; this is where proteins are made and packaged, transported to another organelle |
| Golgi Apparatus= | "Fedex" center of the cell, they package proteins in to vesicles |
| Lysosomes= | Vesicles in cytoplasm that break down, contain digestive enzymes to break down organelles |
| Mitochondria= | Energy producing center of the cell |
| mitochondria makes and uses a lot of ? | ATP |
| true or false : mitochondria has its own DNA and makes own proteins | true |
| Nucleus | Largest organelle, control center; DNA and RNA |
| In the nucleus DNA unwinds, enzymes ____________ RNA | transcribe |
| In the nucleus RNA goes to ribosomes where it "reads" nucleotides and ___________ it to protein | translates |
| Codon= | corresponding amino acids for each set of three nucleotides |
| Cell division= | two daughters form one parent |
| Apoptosis= | Auto- destruction of cells on command |
| Tumor= | mass or swelling of tissue by abnormal cell division |
| Benign tumor= | cell division is restricted to epithelial or connective tissues, not as threatening , can be removed |
| Malignant tumore= | does not respond to normal cues and spreads easily |
| Metastasis= | malignant cells traveling long distances in the body |
| Oncogenes= | mutations in genes that cause cancer |
| Mutagen= | any agent that causes mutations in DNA |
| Carcinogen= | Cancer-Causing agents |
| What tissue covers every exposed surface on the body? | Epithelial |
| Gap Junctions= | limit molecules that can pass through |
| Tight junctions= | Free passage of molecules |
| Desmosomes= | link cells together |
| The portion of the cell exposed to the cavity is called its _________ surface. | apical |
| The rest of the cell make up the ___________ surface | basolateral |
| What are the three main kinds of epithelial tissues? | Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar |
| squamous= | random shape and size |
| Cuboidal= | squares |
| Columnar= | rectangles |
| Endocrine glands= | produce chemicals that affect things somewhere else in the body |
| Exocrine glands= | have their own ducts and produce chemicals secreted outside of body |
| Pancreas= | contains exocrine and endocrine glands |
| What are the four types of secretions? | Apocrine, Holocrine, Nerocrine |
| Apocrine= | no part of the cell is damaged from secretion |
| Holocrine= | cell is destroyed from secretion |
| Nerocrine= | parts of membrane are pinched off and are included in the secretion |
| What are the features of connective tissues? | Many specialized cells, highly vascularized |
| Matrix= | protein fibers + ground substance |
| Highly vascularized= | lots of blood vessels |
| Connective tissue proper= | loose or dense tissue, maple syrup like matrix |
| Fibroblasts= | always present most common, make the matrix |
| Fibrocytes= | second most common, maintain and repair |
| Adipocytes= | fat cells, store energy |
| Mesenchymal= | connective tissue stem cells, respond to injury |
| Macrophages= | with blood cells, can be either resident or passing through, first line of defense, respond to infection |
| Phagocytes= | Engulf pathogens using "mega-endocytosis" |
| Lymphocyte cells= | highly mobile immune cells, respond to injuries, |
| Antihistamines are used for? | cold and flu symptoms |
| Lymphocytes= | highly mobile, migrate throughout the body, helps make antibodies tat tag specific molecules as "forgein" |
| Melanocytes= | cells that make pigment, melanin, also in epithelial |
| Collagen fibers= | long, straight , very common |
| Reticular fibers= | thinner, branching network |
| Elastic fibers= | special protein elastin, very stretchy |
| Loose connective tissue= | proper is "packing material" |
| Areolar tissue= | between skin and muscle, bendy |
| Adipose tissue= | fat tissue |
| Dense fat= | "good fat" , burns calories to generate heat, common in infants |
| Fluid connective tissue= | watery matrix |
| Blood plasma= | mostly characterized by blood without the red blood cells |
| Supporting connective tissue= | Extremely dense, strong |
| Chondroitin sulfates= | maintain elasticity and plasticity of joint cartilage |
| Condrocytes= | One type of cell in cartilage |
| Lacunae= | exist in their own chambers |
| Osteocytes= | bone cells that are in lacunae |
| Canaliculi= | Each one connected to blood via cytoplasmic extensions |
| Muscle tissue= | function for contraction, which makes movement |
| Skeletal muscle= | voluntary body movements , very large cells, |
| Cardiac muscle= | very strong heart muscles, involuntary movements, 1-5 nuclei |
| joined by gap junctions and desmosomes | Interconnected cells |
| pacemaker cells= | start contraction signal with chemical cues |
| Smooth muscle= | mostly internal involuntary movements, hollow organs walls and surfaces, 1 nucleus |
| Neural tissue= | specialized tissue type that responds to stimuli and produces and electrical signal |
| neurons= | use active transport at membrane to create electrical signal |
| Neuroglia= | support neurons |
| Damaged cells release what that destroy other cells? | necrosis |
| cells release ____________ to begin inflammation | prostaglandins |
| if a tissue can't regenerate, ex. heart and cartilage replaced with ___________. | fibrous tissues |
| Osteoporosis= | condition of aging where skin gets thinner, bones become brittle |
| Skin takes up how much % of total body weight? | 16 |
| What are two major parts of the integumentary system? | Cutaneous membrane and Accessory structure |
| What are all of the functions of integumentary system? | Protection for underlying tissues Excretion Maintenance Production of keratin Synthesis of Vitamin D3 Fat storage Detection Coordination of immune system |
| Avascular= | lack of blood vessels. nutrients and waste diffuse |
| What are the layers of the epidermis? | Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum Spinsosum Stratum basale |
| keratinocytes= | most abundant epithelia cell, begin at bottom and die as they move up |
| What attaches to the stratum basale on the basement membrane? | Desmosomes |
| Epidermal ridges= | Interlock together in ridges because of surface area |
| Fingerprints= | determined by genetics(DNA) and environment |
| Once ______ _____ are in place, they divide but not move | stem cells |
| basal cells= | stem cells of stratum basal |
| When dividing, one cell is pushed up and differentiates into _____________. | Keratinocyte |
| Stratum spinosum= | spiny layer, a major location for the immune system |
| Granulosum= | grainy layer |
| true or false: Cells stop dividing and flatten in the granulosum layer. | true |
| Lucidum= | light, clear layer |
| Where is lucidum found? | only found in thick skin |
| Where do dead cells go? | They get dehydrated |
| Stratum corneum= | the horny outer layer of the skin. |
| Where are keratinized cells in the skin found? | The top layer of cells - 15-30 deep of full keratinized cells |
| How long does it take to go from basae to corneum? | 7-10 days |
| Psoriasis= | is a chronic, common skin disorder |
| Inflammation of the skin and joints can be known as? | Psoriatic arthritis |
| Why do we have so many layers to skin? | For pertection |
| Stratum corner is __________________________ for microorganisms. | dry and uninhabitable |
| Blisters= | damaged areas between the superficial and deep layers of skin can result in fluid buildup |
| What are the two important pigments? | Carotene Melanin |
| carotene= | is found in corner layer cells (yellow-orange color) |
| Melanocytes= | in stratum basale produce melanin (brownish) |
| Where are melanocytes found? | between or deep in epidermal layers |
| Melanin= | Modified amino acids |
| Does melanin ever break down? | yes, gradually |
| Is there any difference between lighter skinned people and darker skinned people regarding protection of the skin? | yes, In darker skinned people, projections go further, into the granulosum |
| Skin color difference are due to differences in ___________________________, not really melanocyte numbers. | melanin transfer and persistence in skin |
| Albinism= | deficiency or absence of melanin (genetic condition) |
| What are freckles? | irregular spots of increased melanin |
| Why do we have freckles/ how do we get them? | because of lots of sun exposure and UV radiation |
| What is the purpose of melanin? | Protects against UV damage from sun |
| What is the role of melanin? | to act as shade |
| How do sun tans appear? | It comes from increased melanin production |
| Can UV damage become a a lasting result? | yes |
| Malignant melanoma= | basal cells that have DNA damage |
| Addison's disease= | Pituitary gland produces too much/ little hormone, melanocytes responds |
| Uitiligo= | loss of melanocytes, for various reasons |
| enzymes= | proteins that speed up reactions |
| What are the blocks that DNA is made up of? | nucleotides |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation= | using enzymes to release energy to renew ATP |
| Phases of Mitosis= | Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telephase |
| Two main types of epithelial tissues are? | Epithelia, Glandular |
Created by:
Mbelcher21
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