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Earth Science

Unit 2 E.S. Chemistry Minerals Rocks

TermDefinition
Atom Smallest particle of matter.
Subatomic Particles Proton: positive charge; Electron: negative charge; Neutron: neutral charge
Atomic Number Number of protons in an atom
Atomic Mass Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Compound 2 or more elements bonded together with specific proportions EX: NaCl (salt)
Chemical Bond Force that holds atoms together
Ionic Bond Bond between positive and negative
Covalent Bond Bonds form when electrons are shared; VERY Strong bond EX: H2O
Metallic Bond Electrons shared between metals
Mineral Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystalline structure with definite chemical composition.
Mineral Formation Crystallization, precipitation, change in pressure and temperature, and hydrothermal solutions.
Crystallization Cooling magma Example: magnetite
Mineral Groups Water evaporates leaving behind substances that were dissolved in it. Example: halite (crystalline salt)
(Influence of) Pressure and Temperature Existing mineral’s atoms are rearranged Example: talc
Mineral Groups Silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates/sulfides, halides, and native elements
Luster The way light is reflected from a newly exposed surface. Metallic or Nonmetallic
Hardness The ability of one mineral to scratch another. The softer mineral gets scratched.
Cleavage If a mineral breaks along flat, smooth surfaces it shows cleavage.
Fracture Cuts or breaks into smaller pieces without and specific pattern.
Streak The color of the mineral in powder form. This test is done by rubbing the mineral across a white streak plate. Several minerals have a streak that is not the same color as the mineral itself. Most metallic luster minerals have a dark colored streak.
Color The most easily observed property, but usually the least useful. A mineral's color can be changed by the impurities that are found in the mineral.
Rock Naturally Occurring mass of more than one mineral. 3 Types of Rocks: igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock.
Igneous Rock Formed when magma or lava cools.
Sedimentary Rock Formed when sediments are compacted or cemented.
Metamorphic Rock Any type of rock changed by heat, pressure, or fluids.
Rock Cycle Continuous process causing rocks to change. Page 6 ESRT
Igneous Rock Ignis is latin for “fire”. Cooled magma or lava. Page 6 ESRT
Intrusive Igneous Rocks (Cools Slowly: BIG Crystals) Magma hardens beneath the Earth’s surface. Example: Granite. Coarse to Very Coarse texture
Extrusive Igneous Rocks (Cools Fast: small Crystals) Lava hardens. Example: rhyolite
Texture of Igneous Rocks Coarse-Grained: slow cooling, large crystal formation. FIne-Grained: rapid cooling magma.lava with small mineral grains. Glassy: Lava cools rapidly
Composition of Igneous Rocks Ultramafic: Almost completely dark silicate Mafic: Iron and magnesium, high density, dark color Felsic: Silicon and aluminum, low density, light color
Sedimentary Rock Sedimentum Latin for “settling”. Page 7 ESRT
Weathering, erosion and deposition Make sediments!! First steps of sedimentary rock formation.
Compaction Squeezing or compacting together of sediments.
Cementation Dissolved minerals are deposited in tiny spaces (pores) in sediments.
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Weathered bits of rocks and minerals. Conglomerate: rounded, gravel size. Breccia: angular.
Bioclastic Organic origin
Metamorphic Rock Name means to change form
Contact metamorphism Magma moves into rocks; low grade metamorphism
Regional Metamorhism Large-scale deformation; High-grade metamorphism
Agents of Metamorphism Heat: provides energy; pressure allows flow rather than fracture
Hydrothermal Solutions Hot, water-based solutions escape magma
Foliated Banded appearance Under high-pressure and temperature minerals align in similar direction.
Non-Foliated No banded texture; Most contain only one mineral; re-frozen ice cream effect
Created by: mbarkley
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