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ES:
Ch. 2
| Question or Term | Answer or definition |
|---|---|
| The study of the earth | Geology |
| A scientist who studies the earth | Geologist |
| Creationist believe __?__ is responsible for most of the earth's present features and fossils | Genesis Flood |
| Three major layers of the Earth | Crust, Mantle, and Core |
| The earth's outer layer | crust |
| The layer composed of solid rock | crust |
| deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left by wind or water | sediments |
| The most abundant element in the earth's crust | oxygen |
| The second most abundant element in the earth's crust | Silica |
| __?__ crust is made of granite | continental |
| __?__ crust is made of basalt and gabbro | oceanic |
| Earthquake vibrations | seismic waves |
| Boundary between the crust and mantle | Mohorovicic discontinuity (MOHO) |
| Middle layer of the earth | Mantle |
| Part of the mantle that extends from the moho down about 250 miles | Upper mantle |
| Part of the mantle that extend from the transition zone to the core | Lower mantle |
| where the upper mantle merges into the lower mantle is known as | Transition zone |
| thick, syrupy liquid in slow motion but may stand firm like a solid rock | plastic rock |
| The deeper you go into the earth, the __?__ the temperature becomes | higher |
| Where the bottom of the mantle meets the top of the core | Core-Mantle boundary |
| The central layer of the earth | core |
| Part of the core that seems to be a liquid due to intense heat | outer core |
| part of the core that is thought to be a solid by all the pressure placed upon it | inner core |
| Several huge, broken shells of rock | plates |
| a sphere of stone | lithosphere |
| The theory that several huge, broken shells of rock are floating on top of the upper mantle | Plate tectonics |
| Who wrote "Creation and Its Mysteries Unveiled" | Antonio Snider-Pellegrini |
| Who wrote "Origin of Species" | Charles Darwin |
| In a catastrophic plate tectonics model, the crust broke into plates during what event | Flood |
| In an evolutionist plate tectonics model, the crust broke into plates by what reason | time |
| The earth in the beginning was one huge land mass called __?__ | pangaea |
| Name means division | Peleg |
| The pulling or pushing of one object upon another | force |
| When a layer of rock breaks and moves due to the strain of the forces upon it, the fracture zone is | a fault |
| What kind of fault is a result of a vertical change | normal fault |
| What kind of fault is a result of a horizontal change | strike-slip fault |
| what kind of fault is a result of one side shoved under the other side | thrust fault |
| Formation formed by the bending or buckling of rocks under great force | fold |
| what kind of fold is a result of rocks bending downward | syncline |
| what kind of fold is a result of rocks buckling upward | anticline |
| elevated land masses that are higher than hills | mountains |
| Type of mountain formed when molten rock erupts from a hole in the earth's crust | Volcanic mountains |
| Volcanic mountains are located where | on land or in the ocean |
| Tallest known volcano | Mauna Kea |
| Measured from the base to peak, what is the tallest mountain | Mauna Kea |
| Type of mountain formed when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer | Domed Mountains |
| Type of mountain formed when the edges of 2 adjacent rock layers were pushed together | Folded Mountains |
| Give 1 example of a Folded Mountain | Appalachians, Rockies, Andes, or Himalayas |
| Type of mountain formed as a result of a fault where it has a tall steep, clifflike face on one side | fault-block mountains |
| Type of map which shows an area's elevation and natural features as well as man made structures | topographical map |
| The curving lines that show the terrain's shape and elevation | contour lines |
| What does USGS stand for | United States Geological Survey |
| Earthquakes that result from sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface | tectonic earthquakes |
| a weak earthquake | tremor |
| A giant sea wave | tsunamis |
| Even the largest earthquakes typically last how long | about 1 minute |
| the study of earthquakes | seismology |
| a scientist who studies earthquakes | seismologist |
| Tectonic earthquakes that are primarily a result of rock movement along a fault is known as __?__ | faulting |
| Where rocks on either side of a fault spring back to position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake is known as __?__ | elastic rebound theory |
| a short cliff | fault scarp |
| rocks that are polished smooth by a fault motion | slickensides |
| Large strike-slip fault found in california | San Andreas Fault |
| the resistance caused by moving one object against another | friction |
| the point at which an earthquake begins | focus |
| point on the earth's surface directly above the focus | epicenter |
| three types of focus on earthquakes | shallow, intermediate, and deep |
| Which focus earthquake happens most | shallow focus earthquakes |
| Which focus earthquake happens least | deep focus earthquakes |
| the first felt and fastest seismic wave | P-wave |
| wave that consist of rhythmic push-pull motion in the direction of wave travel | P-wave |
| A rhythmic side to side motion | S-wave |
| Wave that arrives several seconds after the first P-waves | S-wave |
| The slowest earthquake waves | Surface wave |
| An instrument used to record vibrations of an earthquake | seismograph |
| A record produced by a seismograph | seismogram |
| Which earthquake wave has the most detrimental vibrations to buildings | surface waves |
| most active zone of earthquakes | circum-Pacific belt |
| earthquake zone that stretches from the mountains of northern Africa through southern Europe and Asia | Alpine belt |
| What belt contains the San Andreas Fault | circum-Pacific belt |
| What belt stretches from northern Africa through parts of southern Europe | Alpide belt |
| A 12 degrees of intensity scale based on the structural damage on the earth's surface, man's structures and man | Modified Mercalli Scale |
| True/False: the modified mercalli scale is a mathematical measurement of an earthquake's strength and size | False (It is NOT mathematical) |
| The most famous scale that is used to measure an earthquake's strength | Richter magnitude scale |
| The most reliable method for measuring an earthquake's magnitude by measuring its source | moment magnitude scale |
| SAFOD stands for? | San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth |
| True/False: it is presently impossible to predict exactly when an earthquake will occur | True |
| Buildings constructed on bedrock | fixed-base systems |
| Buildings constructed on stilts | base-isolated systems |
| the stilts that separate the building from the foundation is known as | isolators |
| devices that are added to structures to absorb some of the seismic energy | energy-dissipating devices |
| an opening in the earth's surface where hot gases, ash and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior | Volcano |
| the channel in which gases, ash, and rock are ejected | vent |
| molten rock | magma |
| reservoir of magma is called | magma chamber |
| what is the actual source of a volcanoes eruption | magma chamber |
| study of volcanoes and volcano-related phenomena | volcanology |
| a scientist who studies volcanoes | volcanologist |
| Type of volcano that consists of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments | cinder-cone volcano |
| type of volcano that contains a broad, slope at the top | shield volcano |
| type of volcano that alternates layers of lava and cinders | composite volcanoes |
| a volcano that has seismic activity is classified as | active |
| a volcano that could erupt again is classified as | dormant |
| a volcano that will probably not erupt again is classified as | extinct |
| more than half of the world's active volcanoes are in the circum-Pacific belt which is also referred to as | Ring of Fire |
| means syrupiness | viscosity |
| 2 factors that affect the Violence of a volcano | Viscosity of magma and amount of dissolved gas contained in the magma |
| any substance emitted by an active volcano | ejecta |
| molten rock that flows from volcanoes | lava |
| lava that is emitted underwater or flows into the ocean or a lake before solidifying is known as | pillow lava |
| Particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta | pyroclasts |
| Tiny droplets of lava that from from fine pyroclasts create | volcanic ash |
| __?__ are solid, irregularly shaped lumps of hardened lava | Volcanic blocks |
| __?__ form when lava is thrown high into the air in a liquid state and hardens into rock before hitting the ground | Volcanic bombs |
| What is a volcano's dangerous feature | fierce blast of ash and superheated gases |
| superheated cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels swiftly down the volcano slope like an avalanche is | pyroclastic flow |
| Huge bowl-shaped craters | calderas |
| 2nd deepest caldera | Crater Lake in Oregon |
| Horizontal underground tubes that formed from the top lava layer hardening before the bottom lava layer did | lava tunnels |
| Masses of volcanic rock beneath the surface | igneous intrusions |
| rocks formed from magma | igneous |
| underground vertical mass of igneous rock | dike |
| underground horizontal mass of igneous rock | sill |
| underground domelike intrusion that creates hills at the surface | laccolith |
| underground bases much larger than laccoliths | batholiths |
Created by:
Mrs. Sechrist
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