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earth science unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| celestial objects | heavenly bodies, any object observed in the area above the earths atmosphere |
| arc | portion of a circle through which the celestial objects rise in the east and set in the west from the observers point of view on earths surface |
| constellation | a group of stars that make up a recognizable pattern in the sky |
| apparent daily motion | perceived movement of celestial objects as seen from the earth, circular, constant, daily, and cyclic |
| apparent solar day | time required for the sun to cross a given meridian twice in succession |
| foucault pendulum | freely swinging pendulum, which, when allowed to swing without interference, appears to change direction in a predictable manner due to the earths rotation |
| perpendicular insolation | vertical rays of the sun, 90 degree radiation at earths surface |
| direct solar rays | (perpendicular rays) rays of solar energy hitting the surface of the earth at a 90 degree angle |
| perihilion | point on the earths orbit when it is closest to the sun; a distance of 147 km, january 1st |
| aphelion | point of earths slowest orbital speed; point on earths orbit when the earth is farthest from the sun (152 million km) on July 1st |
| local noon | noon at the local when the sun reaches maximum altitude at observer longitude |
| zenith position | point on the celestial sphere that is directly above the observer |
| orbit | path of a celestial object, satellite, or earth about a center, usually an ellipse |
| focus | fixed point from which a radius of 360 degrees is a circle or sphere; two fixed points are required to produce an ellipse or oblate spheroid |
| eccentricity | degree of the "out of roundness" of an ellipse |
| orbital velocity | the speed of an object at any given time in its orbit, usually changing due to distances from its gravitational center |
| harmonic law of planetary motion | kepler states that a planets period is the length of time required for the planet to orbit once around the sun |
| astronomical unit | mean distance of the earth from the sun, approximately 150,000,000 km |
| gravitation | force is proportional to the square of the distance between the two centers of attracted objects |
| inertia | the tendency of an object in motion to remain in motion in a straight path acted upon by an outside force |
| energy transformation | (energy conversion) energy in the universe is fixed, therefore energy can only be converted |
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