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BioTest 3
Biology Notes for Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are water and solutes added? | By absorption from liquid and solid foods in the digestive tract, metabolism, and respiration. |
| How are water and solutes lost? | Urinary excretion, evaporation from respiratory surfaces, sweat, and the elimination of feces. |
| What are the parts of the kidney? | The cortex (outer part) and the medulla (middle part) |
| What are the functions of the kidney? | Filter out water and other solutes from the blood. |
| What percentage of water filtered in the kidney is returned to the blood? | 99% is returned to the blood and the remaining 1% becomes urine. |
| What is urine? | The fluid the rids the body of excess water and solutes that are not needed. |
| What is the ureter? | Tubes between the kidneys and the urinary bladder. |
| What is the urinary bladder? | Muscular sac that stores the urine. |
| What is the urethra? | The tube that goes from the bladder to the outside of the body. |
| What are nephrons? | The basic function units of the kidney. They are slender tubules that extend from the kidney cortex down through the medulla. |
| What is the cortex? | The outer portion kidney. |
| What is the medulla? | The middle portion of the kidney. |
| What happens at the nephrons? | Water and solutes are filtered from the blood. Most will eventually be reclaimed in the peritubular cap. |
| What occurs at the paritubular cap? | Most of the water and solutes that were filtered from the blood at the nephron is reclaimed. |
| Where does each nephron start? | Each starts at the Bowman's capsule. |
| What is the Bowman's capsule? | Location where each nephron starts. Inside the capsule is a blood filtering unit called the glomerulus. |
| What is the glomerulus? | Blood filtering unit that is found inside the Bowman's Capsule. |
| Filtrate flow from Bowman's capsule? | The filtrate collected from the glomerulus leaves the Bowman's Capsule and flows through the rest of the nephron in the following sequence: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct. |
| What is the renal pelvis? | The central cavity of the kidney. |
| What does the duct system of the kidney do? | Leads into the renal pelvis (central cavity of the kidney) and then to the ureter. |
| What are the three processes of urine formation? | Filtration, Reabsorption, and secretion. |
| What occurs in filtration? | Pressure filters the blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries. |
| What occurs in reabsorption? | Solutes and water which move out of the nephron tubules are absorbed into peritubular capillaries and return to general circulation. It is promoted by ADH. |
| What is ADH (antidiruetic hormone)? | Promotes the reabsorption of water. Alcohol blocks the production of the hormone. |
| What are the two types of diabetes? | Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes) and diabetes insipidus (can't produce ADH) |
| What is excretion? | Period when water and solutes that were not reabsorbed or were secreted into the tubule flow into the renal pelvis. Fluids (urine) are eliminited form the body by the urinary tract. |
| What are sweat glands? | Glands that release water and some solutes (urea). |
| What two processes move from the circulatory system (aka: capillaries) to the nephron? | Filtration and secretion. |
| What function does large intestine have in excretory system? | Removes salts and heavy metals (lead) from the blood. |
| What function do the lungs play in excretory system? | They remove carbon dioxide, water, and alcohol from the blood (exhalation). |
| What are hormones? | Products secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands. |
| What is the function of hormones? | Regulation of processes such as growth, reproduction, and maintenance. |
| What is the hypothalamus? | Located in the forebrain. Secretes hormones which are conveyed to the pituitary gland. |
| What is the pituitary gland? | The master gland of the body. It is located at the base of the hypothalamus and has two lobes - anterior and posterior. |
| What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? | Secretes two hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalmus. Antidiruetic hormone and oxytocin. |
| What is oxytocin? | Hormone in females that is responsible for labor contractions and milk letdown. |
| What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? | Produces and secretes its own hormones. These include FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, and Somatatropin. |
| What is the function of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)? | In females it causes the follicle to mature. In males it stimulates the testes to produce sperm. |
| What is the function of LH (lutenizing hormone)? | In females, it causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. In males it causes the testes to produce testosterone. |
| What is the function of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)? | Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. |
| What is the function of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)? | Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. |
| What is the function of Prolactin? | Responsible for milk production in females. |
| What is Galactorrhea? | Condition in which males and produce milk and lactate. |
| What is the function of Somatatropin? | It is the growth hormone. |
| What is acromegaly? | Condition that occurs when an excess of somatatropin is secreted by the pituitary gland after growing has stopped. Results in thick skin, fingers, etc. |
| What is the adrenal medulla? | The inner part of the adrenal gland. It is responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| What are the functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine? | They increase the heart rate, direct more blood to the heart and muscle cells, direct more oxygen to energy demanding cells, and provide the fight or flight response. |
| What does the adrenal cortex do? | Secretes cortisol -raises blood gluclose levels. |
| What is Cushing Syndrome? | Occurs when there is too much cortisol being secreted. results in swelling, water retention. |
| What is the thyroid gland? | Gland located at the base of the trachea. Secretes thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. |
| What is the function of thyroxine? | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Regulates the body's metabolism. |
| What is the role of iodine? | Without enough in the diet, blood levels in the thyroid drop. Low levels of blood in the thyroid can cause hypothyroidism. |
| What is hypothyroidism? | Results from low levels of blood in the thyroid. |
| What is secretion? | Phase of urine production where solutes from the peritublar capillaries are secreted into the nephron. (Opposite of reabsorption) |
| What is cortisol? | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. Raises blood glucose levels. |
| What is a goiter? | A swollen lump in the throat that can result from lack of iodine. |
| What is hyperthyroidism? | Occurs when blood levels in the thyroid are too high. Causes increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, profuse sweating, and weight loss. |
| What is calcitonin? | Hormone produced by the thyroid that promotes the deposition of calcium into the bone. |
| What are the parathyroid glands? | Four small glands located at the posterior side of the thyroid. Produce parathyroid hormone(PTH). |
| What is PTH (parathyroid hormone)? | Hormone produced by the parathroid glands. Responsible for controlling the blood calcium levels in the body goes from bone to blood. |
| What function does the pancreas serve? | Secretes glucagon and insulin. |
| What is glucagon? | Hormone secreted by the pancreas. Converts glycogen to to glucose and raises blood glucose levels. |
| What is insulin? | Hormone secreted by the pancreas. Causes glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose cells from the blood. |
| What is diabetes mellitus? | Insulin deficiency which causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, then in the urine. |
| Effects / signs of diabetes mellitus? | Urination becomes excessive amd the body becomes dehydrated. Without enough glucose, body cells start depleting their own fats and proteins as sources of energy. Can cause brain disruption and death. |
| What are the types of diabetes mellitus? | Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes |
| What is type 1 diabetes? | Form of diabetes mellitus. AKA: juvenile onset diabetes. Lymphocytes destroy insulin secreting cells. Insulin shots are required. |
| What is type 2 diabetes? | Cells produce less insulin over time. Usually occurs during middle ages. Can often be controlled with diet and prescription medication. |
| What role do the testes play in endrocine system? | Secrete testosterone. |
| What is testosterone? | Hormone secreted by the testes. Responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics, promotes the development of sperm, and the sex drive in males. |
| What is the endocrine function of the ovaries? | Produces estrogen and progesterone. |
| What is estrogen? | Hormone produced in the ovaries. Produces secondary sex characteristics and maintains pregnancy. |
| What is progesterone? | Hormone produced in the ovaries. Maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy. |
| What is the thymus? | Gland located superior to the heart. Large during childhood but absent in adults. Secretes thymosine hormones causing the matuartion of lymphocytes. |
| What is the pineal gland? | Gland responsible for producing melatonin. |
| What is melatonin? | Hormone that is produced by the pineal gland. Responsible for delaying the onset of sexual maturity and regulates biorhythms such as day and night activity ccles. |
| What is seasonal affective disorder? | Disorder that can cause depression. Melatonin helps regulate this cycle / feeling. |
| What is the role of the testes? (reproductive system) | Site of sperm production. Hang from the abdominal cavity in the scrotum. Maintain a 95 degree temperature. |
| What are the seminiferous tubules? | Coiled tubes where sperm production begins. Located in the testes. |
| What is the epididymis? | The duct that sperm enters after leaving the testes. Where sperm cells become motile. |
| What are the vas deferens? | The tube that carries sperm from the epidymis to the urethra. |
| What is the urethra? | Tube located in the interior of the penis. |
| What is semen? | Fluid substance formed when glandular secretions mix with sperm. |
| What is the seminal vesicle? | Gland that secretes fructose into semen. Sperm use fructose as an energy source. |
| What is the prostate gland? | Gland that secretes substances to buffer and protect the sperm from the high pH levels of the female reproductive tract. |
| What are the bulbourethral glands? | Two glands whose secretions (pre-ejaculate) are though to buffer the pH of the female reproductive tract. |
| What is the 2nd leading cause of death among men in the U.S.? | Prostate cancer. |
| What is testicular cancer? | Cancer of the male reproductive system which, if caught early, is usually curable. |
| What is spermatogenesis? | Where spermatogonia develop into mature sperm cells. |
| What are spermatagonia? | Cells in the testes that, after undergoing mitosis, produce primary spermatocytes. This starts when reaching puberty. |
| What are primary spermatocytes? | Cells produced after undergoing mitosis. They form secondary spermatocytes. |
| What are secondary spermatocytes? | cells that form when primary spermatocyes undergo Meiosis I. They then go through Meiosis II and form haploid spermatids that form into mature sperm cells. |
| What are sperm? | Mature, flagellated male reproductive cells. |
| Role of lutenizing hormone (LH) in male reproduction? | Promotes cells (interstitial tissue) to secrete testosterone. |
| Role of testosterone in reproduction? | Stimulates the formation of sperm. |
| Role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in male reproduction? | Required to start up spermatogenesis. |
| What is the function of the ovaries? | Produce oocytes (immature eggs) and secrete hormones. |
| What are oviducts? | The two channels from the ovary to the uterus (AKA: fallopian tubes). The oocyte leaves the ovary and travels into the oviduct where fertilization can take place. |
| What is the uterus? | Hollow organ in which the embryo can grow and develop. |
| What is the endometrium? | The inner lining of the uterus wall. This is the location where the embryo implants. |
| What is the cervix? | Narrow portion of the uterus above the vagina. |
| What is the vagina? | The muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the surface of the body. Receives sperm and is part of the birth canal. |
| What is oogonia? | Cells in which embryonic females possess. These cells undergo mitosis while the females are still embryos. |
| What is oogenesis? | The process of maturation of oogonia into a mature egg. |
| How is the primary oocyte formed? | When an embryonic females oogonia undergoes mitosis. |
| What is Meiosis I in females? | Occurs in childhood in women as the primary Oocyte enters this stage. The body arrests the process and when it finally resumes the result is a woman's first menstrual cycle. |
| What is a follicle? | The primary oocyte and and the cell layer around it. |
| What is the role of FSH in female reproduction? | At the start of the mentrual cycle, FSH concentrations in the blood increase causing the follicles to grow. |
| When / where does oocyte complete meiosis I? | Before being released from the ovary, the oocyte completes meiosis I and then its cytoplasm divides forming 2 cells. |
| What is the secondary oocyte? | Cell that is formed after oocyte completes meiosis I. Gets nearly all of the cytoplasm and a haploid number of chromosomes. Then undergoes meiosis II. |
| What is a polar body? | Second cell resulting from meiosis I. Gets almost none of the cytoplasm and is much smaller. |
| What occurs to the oocyte after release from the ovary? Where does it go? | The oocyte travels down the oviduct to the uterus. It will remain in metaphase II if not fertilized. |
| What happens during menstrual cycle? | An oocyte matures, due to the high levels of FSH, and escapes from an ovary. |
| How does the endometrium grow? | Estrogen released during menstrual cycle stimulates its growth. |
| What does the cervix do at ovulation? | Releases large quantities of thin, clear mucus. |
| When / How does the corpus luteum form? | It is triggered by a midcycle surge of LH. Forms from the remnants of the ruptured follicle. |
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? | Progesterone and estrogen. Presists for about 12 days. If a fertilized egg does not implant, then the corpus luteum will self destruct in the last days of the cycle. |
| What causes blood flow in menstrual cycle? | After the corpus luteum breaks down, progesterone and estrogen levels start to drop and the endometrium breaks down causing blood rich fluid to flow out of the vagina. |
| What occurs at sexual intercourse? | When aroused, blood flows to the penis and fills spongy tissue causing an erection. Semen is then released into the vagina by the penis. |
| How does fertilization occur? | Sperm arrive in the oviduct shortly before or after ovulation. Only a few hundred reach upper portions of oviduct. One sperm fuses with oocyte, completing meiosis II. |
| What is a zygote? | Resulting organism from fertilization after fusing of sperm and oocyte. |
| Most effective methods of birth control? | Abstinence, vasectomy, tubal ligation, hormonal implant, IUD, birth control pill. |
| Less effective methods of birth control? | Morning after pills, condoms, diaphragm, spermicides, rhythm method, withdrawal, douching. |
| What is STD infection rate in U.S.? | About 1 in 4 people in the U.S. who engage in sexual intercourse will become infected. |
| Why allows the uterus to contract? | Oxytocin at the end of pregnancy. |
| Role of LH in pregnancy? | Reaches high levels during mid-cycle. Produces the coupus luteum which secretes progesterone. LH levels then falter embryonic cells take over. |
| What is chorionic gonadotropin? | Produced by embryonic cells in pregnancy after LH levels begin to falter. Stiumlates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone. |
| What is placenta's role in pregnancy? | Takes over at the end of the third month of pregnancy when chorionic gonadatropin begins to falter to produce progesterone. |
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deathcab
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