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Ch 2 & 3 Vocab
CH 2 & 3 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Mass | The quantity of matter an object has |
| Elements | Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter |
| Atom | The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element |
| Nucleus | The central region makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of 2 kinds of subatomic particles (proton & neuron) |
| Proton | Subatomic particle, positively charge, in the nucleus |
| Atomic # | # of protons in an atom |
| Mass # | Mass of an atom is equal to the total # of protons and neutrons of an atom |
| Electrons | Balances out the equal # of positive protons, negatively charged particles |
| Orbital | A 3 dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different # of neutrons |
| Compounds | Made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions |
| Chemical Bonds | The attractive forces that hold atoms together |
| Covalent Bond | Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| Molecule | Simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free |
| Ion | Atom or molecule with an electrical charge |
| Ionic Bond | Positive and negative charges attracting eachother |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Chemical Reaction | One or more substances change to produce one or more different substances |
| Reactants | Shown on the left side of an equation |
| Products | Shown on the right side of a reaction |
| Metabolism | Describes all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
| Activation Energy | Amount of energy needed to start a reaction |
| Catalysts | Certain chemical substances reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place |
| Enzyme | A protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| Redox Reactions | Reactions in which electrons are transferred between attoms (oxidation-reduction reactions) |
| Oxidation Reaction | A reactant loses one or more electrons (becomes positive) |
| Reduction reaction | A reactant that gains one or more electrons (becomes negative) |
| Polar | |
| Hydrogen Bond | The force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge |
| Cohesion | An attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together |
| Adhesion | The attractive force between 2 particles of different substances |
| Capillarity | The attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid |
| Solution | A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance |
| Solute | A substance dissolved in the solvent (sugar) |
| Solvent | The substance in which the solute is dissolved (water) |
| Concentration | The amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution |
| Saturated Solution | Where no more solute (sugar) can dissolve |
| Aqueous Solutions | Water is the solvent-are universally important to living things |
| Hydroxide Ion | OH- ion |
| Hydronium Ion | H3O+ |
| Acid | The solution if the # of of hydronium ions (H3O+) in a solution is greater than the # of hydroxide ions |
| Base | Solution where there's more hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydronium ions (H30+) |
| pH Scale | Compares the relative concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions |
| Buffers | Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution |
| Organic Compounds | One of the categories for compounds. Made primarily of carbon atoms (not water) |
| Functional Groups | In organic compounds, cluster of atoms influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and chemical reactions the molecules undergo |
| Monomers | Smaller, simpler compounds molecules that built up carbon compounds |
| Polymer | A molecule that consists of repeated, linked units |
| Macromolecules | Large polymers (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) |
| Condensation Reaction | Where monomers link to form polymers |
| Hydrolysis | Reaction where water is used to break down down a polymer |
| Adenosine | |
| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom |
| Monosaccharide | Monomer carbohydrate (simple sugar) contains carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen |
| Disaccharide | |
| Polysaccharide | A complex molecule composed of 3 or monosaccharides |
| Proteins | Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen |
| Amino Acids | Linkage of monomers that form proteins |
| Peptide Bond | A covalent bond formed from 2 amino acids |
| Polypeptides | Long chains formed from amino acids |
| Substrate | The reactant being catalyzed |
| Active Site | Folds in the enzyme with a shape that allows the substrate to fit into the active site |
| Lipids | Large, nonpolar organic molecules (don't dissolve in water) |
| Triglycerides | Lipid |
| Fatty Acids | Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
| Phospholipids | Have 2 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| Wax | A type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| Steroid | Composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them |
| Nuclear Acids | Very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important info in the cell |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Contains info that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Stores and transfers info from DNA thats essential for the mana factoring of proteins |
| Nucleotide | Made of 3 components: a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, & ring shaped nitrogenous base |
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