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Earthquakes
Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | vibrations in the earth caused by the sudden release of energy, usually the result of movement of rocks along a fault |
| crust | the earth's outer layer; the coolest and least dense layer of the earth |
| fault | a fracture in a bed rock, along with blocks of rock on opposite sides of the fracture move |
| mantle | the layer of the earth beneath the crust, it is about 2900 km thick and makes up about 83% of the earth's interior |
| lithosphere | the cool solid outer shell of the earth, it consists of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle and is broken up into segments or plates |
| seismologists | scientists who study earthquakes |
| convergent boundary | tectonic plates that collide (crash) into each other |
| divergent boundary | tectonic plates that move away (divide) from each other |
| transform boundary | tectonic plates that slide past each other |
| subduction | the process by which collision of the earth's plates results in one plate being drawn down and melted back into the mantle |
| convection | when the liquid mantle is heated and move in two circles that move away from each other |
| s-wave | secondary seismic wave that moves side to side |
| p-wave | primary seismic wave that pushes and pulls |
| surface wave | strongest and most damaging to things on the surface: the slowest seismic wave |
| focus | the point beneath Earth's surface at which rock under stress breaks and triggers and earthquake |
| epicenter | the point on the surface directly above the point at which an earthquake occurs |
| Mercalli scale | describes earthquakes according to the level of damage at a location |
| Richter scale | a rating of an earthquakes intensity off of the size of the seismic waves, on a scale form 1 to 10 |
| moment magnitude scale | estimates the amount of energy released during an earthquake |
| lithospheric plates | broken up pieces of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle |
| magnitude | the amount of energy released during an earthquake |
| tsunami | large ocean waves caused by strong earthquakes below the ocean floor |
| liquefaction | the process in which an earthquake's shaking turns loose, soft, soil into liquid mud |
| aftershock | smaller earthquakes after one large earthquake |
| seismology | the study of earthquakes |
| seismograph | a machine that records the movement of the earth's surface |
| compression | a stress that pushes rock together, the rock folds or breaks |
| tension | a stress that pulls rock apart, the rock stretches until it evenyually breaks |
| shearing | a stress that pushes rock in two different directions, the rock breaks and sometimes changes shape or volume |
| plateau | a large area of flat land elevated high above the sea level |
| normal fault | the hanging wall slips downward below the footwall |
| reverse fault | the hanging wall slides up and over the footwall |
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