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Pathophysiology
Definitions for Pathophysiology - Blinn College EMS Program
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| symptom | What patient tells you about their problem |
| sign | objective finding through physical exam |
| acute | sudden onset |
| iatrogenic | relating to illness caused by medical treatment. |
| chronic | long term or slow onset |
| sequelae | expected or common complication |
| mesoderm | middle germ layer |
| endoderm | The innermost germ cell layer is called the: |
| exoderm | outermost germ layer |
| epithelial | The tissue that lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body is called: |
| cell | The basic structural unit of all plants and animals |
| semipermeable | cell membrane allows certain substances, but not all, to pass through |
| Cytoplasm | The thick fluid that fills a cell |
| Organelles | Structures that perform specific functions within a cell |
| Nucleus | The organelle within a cell that contains the DNA |
| homeostasis | natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment |
| hypertrophy | increase in cell size resulting from an increased workload |
| endocrine | hormones released into the bloodstream |
| exocrine | secreted through a duct that opens into an organ or outside the body |
| pathophysiology | the study of disease |
| pathology | medical science that deals with all aspects of disease |
| pathologist | physician who specializes in pathology |
| predisposing factors | factors that influence disease and risk; include age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, and environment |
| pathogenesis | sequence of events that lead to disease development |
| idiopathic | cause of the disease cannot be identified |
| etiology | occurrences, reasons, variables of the disease |
| clinical presentation | manifestation of a disease |
| Big Bang Theory | Theory that hypothesizes that the universe began with the explosion of a primeval atom |
| Chemical Evolution | simple chemicals combined to form larger, more complex chemicals, leading to self-replication of those chemicals |
| Element | simplest substance; cannot be broken down further |
| Atomic Number | # of protons, the way the periodic table classifies elements |
| Isotope | Element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| Mass number | # of protons and # of neutrons |
| Valence Shell | Outermost orbital of an atom, contains valence electrons |
| Orbital | surrounds nucleus, contains orbit path for electrons |
| Noble gas | gas with a completely full valence shell; very stable |
| Radioactive Isotope | Isotope with an unstable nucleus; nuclei break down and emit radiation |
| Covalent Bond | atomic bond where electrons are shared between atoms, most st |
| Ionic Bond | bonds form between atoms of opposite (positive/negative) charges. |
| cation | molecule with a positive charge |
| anion | molecule with a negative charge |
| ion | atom or molecule that acquired an electrical charge |
| polar bond | unequal covalent bond, creating a molecule with ends that have opposite charge (example: H2O) |
| hydrogen bond | bonding between water molecules; gives water its unique properties |
| inorganic materials | do not contain carbon, were never living. Examples: acids, metals, minerals |
| organic materials | contain carbon, were part of a living organism. Examples: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates |
| compound | combination of 2 or more elements; include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar; example: glucose |
| disaccharide | complex sugar; example: lactose |
| polysaccharide | molecules that contain long chains of monosaccharides; example: cellulose, glycogen |
| protien | basic building block of the cell, function to grow and repair living tissues |
| peptide | protein chain of less than 10 amino acids |
| polypeptide | protein chain of more than 10 amino acids |
| enzyme | protein that speeds up chemical reactions |
| substrate | substance that binds to enzyme forming a complex |
| Cofactor | inorganic non-protein substancex; helps the enxyme to convert substrate to end product |
| Coenzyme | organic co-factor substance; necessary for some enzymes to convert substrate to end product |
| Nucleic Acid | two long polymers (nucleotides) which are joined by pairs of nucleobases |
| Nucleobase | 5 carbon sugar molecule - in DNA include: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine |
| DNA | nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for life; humans have 23 pairs |
| RNA | chemical similar to DNA; major role in protein synthesis, instead f two polymer chains only has one |
| ATP | nucleotide; one of monomers of RNA. Principal source of energy |
| Lipids | non-polar chemicals that do not dissolve in water. Long term energy storage |
| Triglycerides | rich source of energy, can be saturated or unsaturated |
| Phospholipids | class of lipid that forms a major part in cell membrane |
| anabolism | synthesis of steroid compound by the body |
| steroid | basic unit is cholesterol; component of cell membrane and function as signaling cells |
| Prokaryotic cell | cell that doesn't have a nucleus or organelles; example: bacteria |
| Eukaryotic cell | cell that has a nucleus and organelles |
| Mitochondria | organelle that is responsible for cellular respiration and production of ATP |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | maintains plasma membrane; rough and smooth |
| Golgi apparatus | processes proteins for cell membrane and other organelles |
| Lysosomes | garbage disposal system of the cell; break down foreign substances, degrade worn out parts of the cell |
| Microtubules & Microfilaments | long hollow rods and filaments that maintain cell structure |
| Centrioles | cylindrical structures that are composed of groups of microtubules |
| Receptor protein | protein in cell membrane in cell membrane that binds to chemical messengers |
| Enzyme protein | protein in cell membrane that breaks down a chemical messenger and stops its effect on the cell |
| Channel protein | protein in cell membrane that is constantly open and allows solutes to pass in and out of the cell |
| Gated channel protein | protein in cell membrane that opens and closes to allow solutes into the cell only at certain times |
| Cell Identity marker | protein in cell membrane that allows the body to recognize cells as belonging in the body or as foreign |
| Cell-Adhesion molecule (CAM) | protein in cell membrane that allows one cell to bind to another |
| Simple diffusion | Random movement from region of high to region of low concentration |
| Facilitated diffusion | Movement from region of high to region of low concentration with the aid of a carrier or channel protein; example: glucose into cell |
| Osmosis | Movement of water from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration) |
| Active Transport | Movement from region of high to region of low concentration with the aid of a carrier or channel protein and energy, usually from ATP; example: sodium-potassium pump |
| Isotonic solution | concentrations of solutions on both sides of semipermeable membrane are equal. |
| Hypertonic solution | solution on outside of membrane more concentrated (more solute) than solution on inside of membrane |
| Hypotonic solution | solution outside cell is less concentrated (less solute) than inside cell |
| Sodium-potassium pump | the cell membrane protein that functions to pump out 3 sodium molecules and pump in 2 potassium molecules |
| Exocytosis | membrane-bound vesicle containing substance to be released from cell approaches cell membrane. |
| Endocytosis | large molecules enter cell by becoming encircled in membrane vesicle. |
| Phagocytosis | cell engulfs large particles or bacteria. |
| Pinocytosis | cell engulfs droplets of fluid carrying dissolved substances. |
| Glucose | required for cellular energy production - formula C6H12O6 |
| Aerobic respiration formula | Reactants C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> Outputs 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36ATP |
| Glycolysis | occurs outside the mitochondria, produces 4 ATP but requires 2 ATP - Net production is 2 ATP. Can occur with or without oxygen |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | occurs in the mitochondria but outside the cristae, precursor to the electron transport chain; requires oxygen |
| Electron Transport Chain | occurs in the cristae in the mitochondria, produces ~34 ATP, requires oxygen |
| Fermentation | happens after glycolysis, anaerobic process - results in lactic acid production |
| Acid | substance that gives up protons, low pH |
| Base | substance that gain electrons, high pH |
| Acidosis | condition where the blood pH is low; results in neurons becoming less excitable, CNS depression |
| Alkalosis | condition where the blood pH is high; results in hyper-excitable neurons, muscle spasms, seizures |
| 20:1 | Ratio of bases: acids |
| Buffer | substance that counteracts changes in pH |
| Carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system | system that functions in the intravascular fluid; uses carbonic anhydrase as the enzyme to catalyze the reaction |
| Protein buffering system | system that helps stabilize pH in both extracellular and intracellular fluid; utilizes red blood cells and amino acids |
| Phosphate buffering system | system that stabilizes the pH of urine, functions in the intracellular fluid |
| 22-26 mEq | normal levels of bicarbonate in the blood |
| 35-45 mmHg | normal levels of PCO2 in the blood |
| 7.35-7.45 | normal pH of the blood |
| Respiratory acidosis | created by hypoventilation or other respiratory system malfunction, when PCO2 exceeds 45 and pH is too low |
| Respiratory alkalosis | created by hyperventilation or excessive loss of CO2; PCO2 less than 35 and pH is high |
| Metabolic acidosis | created by deficiency of bicarbonate, HCO3- is below 22 and pH is low |
| Metabolic alkalosis | created by deficiency of H+ ions or excess of bicarbonate, HCO3- is above 26 and pH is high |
| Atrophy | decrease in cell size due to lack of use or pathological factors |
| Hyperplasia | increase in cell numbers in ordered growth |
| Ischemia | decreased blood flow in organ or tissue |
| Hypoxia | low oxygen levels |
| Free radical | molecule that is missing electrons in its valence shell; steal electrons from surrounding molecules, creating new free radicals. Example: oxygen |
| Metaplasia | adult cells that change from one type to another |
| Dysplasia | abnormal and/or disordered cell growth; precursor to cancer |
| Apoptosis | cell-programmed death; cell "suicide" |
| Necrosis | non-programmed cell death; cell "murder" |
| 70% | percent of total body water found in intracellular space |
| 30% | percent of total body water found in extracellular space |
| 25% | percent of extracellular total body water found in interstitial space |
| 5% | percent of extracellular total body water found in vessels |
| Third spacing | shifting of fluid from vascular space to interstitial space |
| Interstitial space | space between the cells but outside the vasculature |
| Electrolyte | substance that disassociates in water to become electrically charged particles |
| Sodium | most prominent extracellular cation |
| Potassium | most prominent intracellular cation |
| Chloride | provides neutrality to sodium and other cations, functions in protein buffering system |
| Aldosterone | made in adrenal cortex; main mineralocorticoid, signals to retain sodium |
| Renin | made by kidneys, signals conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) | located primarily in lungs, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin I | created from angiotensinogen and renin - gets further converted by angiotensin converting enzyme |
| Angiotensinogen | secreted by the liver; inactive until combined with renin - created angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin II | product of angiotensin converting enxyme (ACE) and angiotensin I - signals vasoconstriction and fluid retention |
| Calcium | function in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone building |
| Magnesium | muscle relaxation, works to balance calcium |
| Oncotic pressure | creates a 'pull' into the blood vessels; created by plasma proteins |
| Hydrostatic pressure | creates a 'push' out of the blood vessels, created by fluid volume inside the blood vessels |
| Phosphate | role in buffering system - intracellular actions, associated with magnesium |
| Plasma | liquid portion of the blood - mostly water - medium for the transport of nutrients and carbon dioxide waste in the form of bicarbonate |
| Erythrocytes | most common formed element, oxygen carrying capacity, role in protein buffering system |
| Leukocytes | many types, role in the immune system; one of the formed elements in blood |
| Thrombocytes | formed element responsible for clotting blood during injury |
| Antigen | protein marker identifying self or non-self in blood cells |
| A, B, O | blood group antigens |
| Rh Factor | factor that is either positive (present) or negative (absent) in the ABO blood type system |
| O Negative | universal blood donor |
| AB Positive | Universal blood receipient |
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn / Erythroblastosis Fetalis | condition where a female patient who is Rh negative has developed antibodies against a Rh positive baby , then becomes pregnant a second time with a Rh positive baby |
| Connective tissue | tissue that forms a framework in the body - includes fat cells, blood cells, fibroblasts, collagen and elastin |
| Muscle tissue | responsible for movement of substances and voluntary movement; includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
| Nervous tissue | coordinates activities in the body; found in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves |
| Neoplasia | type of dysplasia that develops into tumors |
| Benign | non-harmful type of tumor |
| Malignant | harmful type of tumor |
| Metastasis | spread of tumor through the bloodstream to other areas |
| Germ theory | Theory that some disease processes caused by microorganisms |
| Incidence | fraction of the population that contracts the disease during a set period |
| Prevelance | fraction of the population that has the disease at one time |
| Mortality | fraction of people that die from the disease |
| Causal factors | factors shown to cause disease & can determine the severity of the outcome |
| Non-causal factors | can predict disease development, but removal of these factors does not prevent disease acquisition |
| Alarm stage | 'fight or flight' response - initial stage of stress response where catecholamines are released |
| Resistance | second stage of stress response; body's way of adapting to stressors |
| Glucocorticoids | function in cell repair, protein synthesis, stimulates gluconeogenesis - major example: cortisol; released during resistance phase |
| Mineralocorticoids | function in fluid balance - major example: aldosterone; released during resistance phase |
| Exhaustion | third phase of stress response - adrenal glands are depleted, glucose levels drop, immune system is compromised |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | body's way of adapting to stress; three stages |
| Catecholamines | fight or flight hormones released: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
| Cortisol | major glucocorticoid; stimulates cell metabolism, gluconeogenesis, protein metabolism, suppresses immune system |
| Growth hormone | cell growth & repair hormone, increases in eustress and decreases during prolonged stress periods |
| Eustress | good stress |
| Distress | bad stress |
Created by:
kimberleyrc
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