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Ch. 3 vocab
Ch. 3 vocab pg. 61
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| active site | on an enzyme, the site that attaches to a substrate |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| amino acid | a compound of a class of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group and that combine to form proteins |
| carbohydrate | a class of molecules that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| enzyme | a molecule, either protein or RNA, that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions |
| fatty acid | an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils |
| functional group | the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds |
| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base |
| lipid | a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, and steroids |
| macromolecule | a very large organic molecule, usually a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms |
| monomer | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| nucleic acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| organic compound | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| polymer | a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units |
| polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
| polysaccharide | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
| wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain |
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hopeeng02
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