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Biochemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Mass | The quantity of matter an object has |
| Element | Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter |
| Atom | The simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element |
| Nucleus | Makes up the bulk of the cell and contains a proton and a neutron |
| Proton | A positively charged particle that is contained in the necleus |
| Neuton | A particle that has no charge and is contained ijn the nucleus |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in one atom |
| Mass Number | Equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in the object |
| Electron | Negatively charged particles |
| Orbital | is a three dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| isotope | Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons |
| Compound | Made up of atoms of two or more elements fixed in proportions |
| Chemical Bond | Are the attractive forces that hold atoms together |
| Covalent Bond | When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| Molecule | Is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties in a substance and can exist in a free state. |
| Ion | An atom or molecule with an electric charge |
| Ionic Bond | When one or more elections are transferred from one atom to another |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Chemical Reaction | One or more substances changed to make two different substances |
| Reactant | The ingredients of a chemical reaction |
| Product | Shown on the right side of the equation, these are what is produced in result |
| Metaboloism | All chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
| Activation energy | The amount of energy needed to start the reaction |
| Catalyst | Reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to take place |
| Enzyme | A protein that speeds up a metabolic reaction without being permanently changed or destoyed |
| Red ox reaction | Reactions where electrons are transferred between atoms |
| Oxidation reaction | When a reactant looses one or more electrons, and become positive |
| Reduction Reaction | When a reaction gains one or more elections, and becoming negative |
| Polar | An uneven distribution of charge |
| Hydrogen Bond | The attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge, and another atom or molecule with a full negative charge |
| Cohesion | An attractive force that hold molecules of the same substance together |
| Adhesion | The attractive force between two particles of a different substance |
| Capillary | The attraction between molecules that cause the rise of a surface of an liquid that causes the rise in the surface liquid when in contact with a solid. |
| Solutions | Mixture in which one or two substances are uniformly distributed in a another substance |
| Solute | The substance dissolved in a solvent |
| Solvent | The substance in which the site is dissolved |
| Concentration | The amount of solute in a given solvent |
| Saturated Solution | One in which no more solute can dissolve |
| Aqueous Solution | Solutions in which water is the solvent. Important to living things |
| Hydroxide ion | A negatively charged particle made up of one hydrogen and one oxygen molecule |
| Hydronium ion | A positively charged ion having three hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom |
| Acid | A solution where the number of hydronium ions is greater than that of the hydroxide ions. |
| Base | A solution where the number of hydroxide ions is greater than that of the hydronium ions. |
| Ph Scale | A scale that shows the concentrations o ions in a liquid, ranges from 0-14 |
| Buffer | Chemical Substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution |
| Organic Compound | Compounds that are primarily made up pf carbon atoms |
| Functional group | A cluster of atoms that influence the characteristics of molecules and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo |
| Monomer | Small and simple molecules made up of carbon |
| Polymer | Is a molecule that consists of repeated linked units |
| Macromolecule | Large polymers |
| Condensation reaction | When monomers link to polymers |
| Hydrolysis | Water is used to break down a polymer |
| Adenosine Triosphate(ATP) | Compounds that store large quantities of energy in their overall structure |
| carbohydrate | Organic compounds made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. |
| Monosaccharide | A monomer of carbohydrate |
| Disaccharide | Two sugars that are combined( two monosaccharides) |
| Polysaccharide | A molecule made up of three or more monosaccharides |
| Proteins | Organi compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Amino Acids | The monomer of proteins |
| Petite Bond | A covalent bond formed from two or more amino acids |
| Polypeptides | Amino acids that form a very long chain |
| Substrate | The reactant being woken down (catalyzed by an enzyme |
| Active Site | The folds in an enzyme that allow the substrate to fit |
| Lipids | Lare non polar organic molecules that don't dissolve in water |
| Triglycerides | Most common fat used for energy and cell membrane |
| Phospholipids | Parts of a cell membrane that have two fatty acids attached to one glycerol |
| Wax | A lipid that is made of a long fatty acid chain joined by a long alcohol chain |
| Steroids | Molecules that are composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them |
| Nucleic acids | Are organic molecules that store info within the cell |
| DNA | Determines the characteristics of an organism and direct cella activity |
| RNA | Stores info from DNA that is essential for manufacturing proteins |
| Nucleotide | The monomer of nucleic acid |
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