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Biochemistry
chapters 2-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| mass | quantity of matter an object has |
| element | substances that cannot be broken down |
| atom | the simplest part of an element that retains all of the properties of that element |
| nucleus | makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles |
| proton | positively charged subatomic particle |
| neutron | no charge subatomic particle |
| atomic number | number of protons in and atom |
| mass number | equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom |
| electron | negatively charged particle |
| orbital | three-dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons |
| compound | made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions |
| chemical bond | attractive forces that hold atoms together |
| covalent bond | forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state |
| ion | atom or molecule with an electrical charge |
| iconic bond | positive and negative electrical charges attract each other |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| chemical reaction | one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances |
| reactant | a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
| product | a substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
| metabolism | term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
| activation energy | amount of energy needed to start the reaction |
| catalyst | reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place |
| enzyme | a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| redox reaction | reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms |
| oxidation reaction | a reactant loses one or more electrons , thus becoming positive in charge |
| reduction reaction | a reactant gains one or more electrons, thus becoming negative in charge |
| polar | the charge is unevenly distributed |
| hydrogen bond | the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial pr full negative charge |
| cohesion | an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together |
| adhesion | an attractive force between two particles of different substances |
| capillarity | the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a surface |
| solution | a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance |
| solute | a substance dissolved in the solvent |
| solvent | the substance in which the solute is dissolved |
| concentration | amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution |
| saturated solution | no more solute can dissolve |
| aqueous solution | solutions in which water is the solvent (universally important to living things) |
| hydroxide ion | one molecule of water pulls apart another water molecule, or dissociates, into two ions of opposite charge |
| hydronium ion | free H+ ion can react with another water molecule |
| acid | when the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions |
| base | when a solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions |
| pH scale | scientists have developed a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution |
| buffer | chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution |
| organic compound | made primarily of carbon atoms |
| functional group | influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo |
| monomer | many carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules |
| polymer | a molecule that consists of repeated, linked units |
| macromolecule | large polymers |
| condensation reaction | monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction |
| hydrolysis | water is used to break down a polymer |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure |
| carbohydrate | organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| monosaccharide | monomer of a carbohydrate |
| disaccharide | in living things, two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar |
| polysaccharide | a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| protein | organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| amino acid | portions are formed from the linkage of monomers |
| peptide bond | two amino acids form a covalent bond |
| polypeptide | amino acids often form very long chains |
| enzyme | RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts |
| substrate | the reactant being catalyzed |
| active site | folds in an enzyme |
| lipid | large, non polar organic molecules |
| fatty acid | unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
| phospholipid | have two, rather than three, fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| steroid | composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached o them |
| nucleic acid | very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
| nucleotide | made of three main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base |
Created by:
teddyaoprisch
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