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Biochem
Chapter 2&3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| mass | quantity of matter an object has |
| element | substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter |
| atom | simplest particle of an element that retain all of the properties of that element |
| nucleus | makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles |
| proton | makes up the nucleus, is positively charged |
| neutron | makes up the nucleus, has no charge |
| atomic number | the number of protons in an element |
| mass number | equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom |
| electron | small negatively charged particles |
| orbital | a three-dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons |
| compound | made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions |
| chemical bond | attractive forces that hold atoms together |
| covalent bond | forms when two atoms share one of more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state |
| ion | an atom or molecule with an electrical charge |
| ionic bond | the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| organic compound | made primarily of carbon atoms |
| functional groups | influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo |
| monomer | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| polymer | molecule that consists of repeated, linked units |
| macromolecule | large polymers |
| condensation reaction | monomers link to form polymers through chemical reaction |
| hydrolysis | water is used to break down a polymer |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | one type of compound that stores a large amount of energy in their overall structure |
| carbohydrate | organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom |
| monosaccharide | a monomer of a carbohydrate |
| disaccharide | two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar |
| polysaccharide | complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| protein | organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| amino acid | proteins are formed from the linkage of monomers |
| peptide bond | two amino acids form a covalent bond |
| polypeptide | amino acids often form very long chains |
| enzyme | RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts are essential for the functioning of any cell. |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| lipid | large, non polar organic molecules, do not dissolve in water |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
| nucleotide | made of three main components: phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base |
| fatty acids | unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
| phospholipids | have two, rather than three, fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| triglycerides | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and on glycerol molecule |
| wax | type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| steroid | composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them |
| nucleic acids | very large and complex molecules that store ad transfer important information in the cell |
Created by:
katherinewu
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