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Virus Bacteria Test

Science Virus, Bacteria, and Classification Test.

QuestionAnswer
What are Viruses? Particles of Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and sometimes Lipids.
What are viruses composed of? A core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, called a capsid.
Viruses are very specific to what? The cell they infect.
What kind of viruses infect only bacteria? Bacteriophages.
What is a lytic infection? When a virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, and the bursts or kills the cell.
What is a lysogenic infection? When a host cell makes copies of the virus indefinitely because the viral DNA embeds itself in the bacterium's DNA.
How do viruses cause disease? By attacking the cells in the body.
What is a vaccine? A weakened or killed version of the virus.
What are Oncogenic viruses? Viruses that cause cancer.
How do Oncogenic viruses cause cancer? By disrupting the normal control over cell growth and dividing.
What do Retroviruses do? Cause cells to make DNA copies.
What is a characteristic of Retroviruses? They contain RNA as their genetic information.
What are Prions? Particles that don't contain DNA or RNA.
What do Prions contain? Proteins.
Why aren't viruses considered to be living? They don't have all the characteristics of life.
What are characteristics about viruses? They are tiny, non-living particles that don't grow, respire, or develop.
How and by whom can viruses be seen? By Virologists and by an electron microscope.
What are the different appearances of viruses? (4) Bacteriophage, Sperical, Polyhedral, Helix.
How do viruses replicate? By injecting the host cell and reproducing RNA, then turning out new viral particles until the cell bursts.
What don't viruses need? Food.
What don't viruses give off? Waste.
Are viruses cellular? No.
Are viruses given latin names? No.
What determines how viruses are named? For disease they cause, organ infected, or region where first detected.
What are pathogens? Anything that causes a disease.
What is a virulence? The degree of sickness or response someone may get from a pathogen.
What do tail fibers do? Aid viruses in attachment.
Do all viruses have tail fibers? No.
What do viruses that don't have tail fibers have instead? Projections.
Some viruses have another outer layer called a what? An envelope.
What must some viruses recognize on the host cell to attach? A receptor site.
What depends on the method of entry of the virus? The host.
What do viruses do to reproduce in the cell? Some inject their DNA and some irritate the cell into taking the virus in.
What are the two cycles of viral reproduction? Lytic and Lysogenic.
What are the steps of the lytic cycle in order? Attachment, Entry, Replication, Assembly, Lysis and Release.
Describe the Attachment phase of the Lytic Cycle. The virus of bacteriophage attaches to the host cell's cell wall.
Describe the Entry phase of the Lytic Cycle. The bacteriophage injects DNA into the bacterium.
Describe the Replication phase of the Lytic Cycle. Bacteriophage takes over Bacterium's metabolism, causing synthesis of new bacteriophage, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Describe the Assembly phase of the Lytic Cycle. Bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids asseble into complete bacteriophage particles.
What is Exocytosis? Transport process that secretes materials from a cell.
What do retroviruses do once inside the cell? They make DNA from RNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
What was the first virus to be identified? Tobacco Mosaic Virus.
What does the Tobacco Mosaic Virus do? Causes disease in tobacco plants and cause new color variations in some flowers.
What are the the two types of bacteria? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
What are the things that prokaryotes DO have? Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleic acids, ribosomes.
Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Prokaryotes.
What does the cell wall of Eubacteria have? A carbohydrate known as peptidoglycan.
What is a difference between the cell membrane of archaebacteria and eubacteria? The membrane lipids of archaebacteria are much different from those of eubacteria.
Where are archaebacteria found? In harsh, extreme environments.
What do methanogens do? Convert H2 and CO2 into methane gas.
What do Halophiles do? Convert salt to ATP (energy).
What are 3 example of archaebacteria? Methanogens, Halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.
Where does eubacteria live? In all environments.
What are bacteria classified by? Shapes and Arrangements, cell walls, and movement.
What are the possible shapes of bacteria? Coccus, Spirilla, and Bacillus.
What are the possible arrangements for bacteria? Diplo, Staphylo, and Strepto.
What does Spirilla mean? Spiral; wavy.
What does Coccus mean? Round.
What does bacillus mean? Rod.
What does Diplo mean? Pair; two.
What does Staphylo? Cluster/group.
What does Strepto mean? Chain.
How are eubacteria cells divided into 2 groups? Based on the contents of their cell walls. They're identified by adding a chemical indicator called gram stain.
What is gram stain composed of? Violet Dye + Red Dye.
How is a gram stain positive? If it absorbs the violet and turns violet.
How is a gram stain negative? If it absorbs red and turns red.
What happens if a eubacteria cell has a positive gram stain? Then it has 1 cell wall made up of Peptidoglycan.
What happens if a eubacteria cell has a negative gram stain? Then it will have an extra layer made up of lipids and carbs.
Describe the movement of bacteria. Some move using a tail like structure called a flagelle, some glide on a slime like material and others can't move.
What are the 2 types of bacteria autotrophs? Photoautotrophs and Chemoautotrophs.
Where are cyanobacteria algae found? Ponds, Lakes, ect.
How to chemoautrophs make their energy? Chemosynthesis.
How do nitrogen fixing bacteria make their energy? They use nitrogen from the air and molecules from the soil to produce their ATP.
What are the 3 types of heterotroph bacteria? Actinomycetes, Parasitic, and Saprobes.
Describe actinomycetes. They grow in soil and produce antibiotics.
Describe parasitics. They live off other organisms.
Describe saprobes. They are decomposers.
What a photoheterotrophs? Small group of bacteria that can consume food and make their own food.
What are obligate anaerobes? Bacteria that can't survive with oxygen.
What are Obligate Aerobes? Bacteria that need oxygen.
What are facutative anaerobes? Bacteria that can live with or without oxygen.
What does binary fission equal? Asexual Reproduction.
What does conjugation equal? Sexual Reproduction.
Describe conjugation. A hollow bridge(pili) forms between 2 bacteria, where they exchange genetic material.
What is a benefit from conjugation? It increases genetic variation within the bacteria population.
Created by: Bryan.Klein
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