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NC #4
Concepts of Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify the basic principles of development | Physical growth, psychosocial, cognitive, & moral |
| Define Psychosocial development | Erikson identified stages of development that are built on a foundation of genetics, home life, social norms & cultural values |
| Define Cognitive development | Piaget believes understanding occurs in sudden leaps from early in the life span until adolescence, rather than in smooth, regular intervals |
| Define moral development | Kohlberg links moral reasoning to socialization, rather than simply maturation |
| What are the factors that influence human development | Biological & heredity, environmental & social factors |
| Describe the physical attributes of infants | Change rapidly, reflexes (such as rooting, sucking, step, grasp & startle) are present in infants & diminish in the 1st yr, ht. increases 6" in 1st 6mos., another 4-6" by 1st. yr, first teeth and crawling around 7mos. |
| At what approximate age do infants start to walk? | 9 months |
| Describe the physical attributes of a toddler | Gain 5-10lb/yr., ht. increases about 3"/yr. Toddlers are approx. 1/2 their adult ht. by 2yrs, gross motor skills developing, fine motor skills start, @ 1yr. head is approx. 47cm. |
| At what age is the total # of brain cells of the adult brain formed? | 1yr; and only increase in size after that |
| At what age is complete brain growth complete? | 10 |
| Describe physical attributes of a preschooler | Gains about 5lbs/yr, ht. increases 2"/yr, Eustachian tubes are horizontal & short causing ear infections to be common, gross motor skills improve with practice, fine motor skills take practice to perfect, require a nap mid-day & 8hrs sleep @ night |
| Describe physical attributes of a school aged child? | Ht. increases about 1-2 1/2"/yr, legs are the longest part of the body, 1st permanent teeth come in around age 6 |
| What are the leading causes of death among school aged children? | Accidents |
| Describe the physical attributes of adolescence | Begins @ puberty, final 20%-50% of adult ht. is gained, age of onset growth spurt influences expected ht., wt. before growth spurt approx. 50% of projected adult wt. 2nd & 3rd molars errupt |
| At what age does a female adolescence have growth spurt? | 12-14 |
| At what age does a male adolescence have growth spurt? | 14-16 |
| What is more rapid than muscle growth in an adolescence? | Bone growth |
| What is the age range for young adults? | 20-40 |
| Describe the physical attributes of a young adult | Weight gain averages 1lb/yr from 20-50, full adult ht. is reached during early 20's, after age 25 ht. begins to slowly decrease, 20's is the time of greatest bone strength |
| When does the nervous system reach its peak? | 20's & is fully developed around age 25 |
| At what age does the brain begin to decrease in size? | 30 |
| How much does the heart strength decrease in the 20's? | 1%/yr |
| What is the age range for middle-aged adults? | 40-65 |
| What reproductive changes does a female encounter during 40's-50's? | Reduction of estrogen, women with no menstrual flow for 1yr. are officially in menopause |
| What reproductive changes does a male have after his 50's? | Prostate problems increase |
| What is the age range for older adults? | >65 |
| What declines in older adults, but is still important to them? | Sex drive |
| How do biological & hereditary factors affect physical development? | Height & weight depend on heredity & environmental issues |
| How do environmental factors affect physical development? | Nutrition, air, toxins, exposure |
| What social factors affect physical development? | Social support systems, culture, economic factors |
| According to Erikson, what is the infant stage & goals? | Basic trust vs. mistrust / Bond with parents |
| According to Erikson, what is the toddler stage, goals & ages? | 1-3yrs, Autonomy vs. shame / achieve a sense of self control |
| According to Erikson, what is the school aged stage, goals & ages? | 4-6yrs, Initiative vs. guilt / act independently |
| According to Erikson, what is the adolescence stage, goals & ages? | 12-19, Identity vs. role confusion / affirm self identity & sexuality |
| According to Erikson, what is the young adult stage, goals & ages? | 20-44, Intimacy vs. isolation / find intimate companion, often have family, become established in the community |
| According to Erikson, what is the middle-aged stage, goals & ages? | 45-65, Generaltivity vs. stagnation / contributing to society through productive & useful living |
| According to Erikson, what is the older adult stage, goals & ages? | >65, Ego integrity vs. despair / Review life's accomplishments |
| According to Erikson, ________ ________ must be completed before moving on to the next stage | Each stage |
| What are the biological & hereditary factors that influence psychosocial development? | Physical, ageing, & illness |
| What are the environmental factors that influence psychosocial development? | Exposure to toxins, irritants, allergens, and gasses |
| What are the social factors that influence psychosocial development? | Parental/caregiver influence, emotional expressions or repressions, roles & responsibility |
| What are Piagets' stages & ages of cognitive development? | Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs), Preoperational (2-6yrs), Preconceptual (2-4yrs), Intuitive (4-7yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11yrs), Formal Operational (12+yrs) |
| Define Sensorimotor | Birth-2yrs - Stage of action rather than thought about actions |
| Define Preoperational | 2-6yrs - Internal & rigid rather than flexible. Display egocentric thinking & interpret information literally (includes the Preconceptual (2-4) & Intuitive (4-7) stages) |
| Define Concrete Operational | 7-11yrs - The internalization of thoughts at this stage produces actual behaviors |
| Define Formal Operational | 12+yrs - Use of systematic, complex thought processes; |
| What is the highest cognitive level? | Formal Operational |
| What is the biological & hereditary factor that affect cognitive development? | Mental illness |
| What are the environmental factors that affect cognitive development? | Oxygen deprivation |
| What are the social factors that affect cognitive development? | Shifts in role or relationship patterns, sensory or social deprivation, parental absence, rejection or lack of involvement, psychosocial or physical trauma |
| What are Kohlbergs' stages of moral development? | Preconventional reasoning, Conventional reasoning, & Postconvetional reasoning |
| What does Kohlberg believe to be the biggest influence on moral development | Socialization |
| Who theorized about Physical development? | Havinghurst |
| Who theorized about Psychosocial development? | Erikson |
| Who theorized about Cognitive development? | Piaget |
| Who theorized about Moral development? | Kohlberg |
| What is the infant stage of psychosocial development? | Basic trust vs. mistrust |
| What is the preschool stage of psychosocial development? | Initiative vs. guilt |
| What is the school age stage of psychosocial development? | Industry vs. inferiority |
| What is the adolescence stage of psychosocial development? | Identity vs. role confusion |
| What is young adult stage of psychosocial development? | Intimacy vs. isolation |
| What is the middle-age stage of psychosocial development? | Generativity vs. Isolation |
| What is older adult stage of psychosocial development? | Ego integrity vs. despair |
| A nurse identifies that an older adult is successfully resolving conflict of integrity vs. despair, which ability most supports this conclusion? | Adjusting to the change in social roles |
| Which age group will have greatest individual differences in appearance and behavior? | Middle age adults |
| A nursing home resident reminisces about past life events, which stage of psychosocial development is this? | Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
| A nurse identifies that a patient in middle adulthood is experiencing a developmental crisis, which behavior does this support? | Inability to achieve a felling of success |
| Which psychodynamic theorist believed that 10yr old children gain pleasure from accomplishments? | Erik Erikson |
| At what age do children first recognize death is irreversible, universal, and natural? | 9 |
| Which comment demonstrates ageism, "He is 75 and: | Has outlived is usefulness |
| Which age group should a nurse include that has the highest energy expenditure and nutritional requirements? | First year of life |
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tandkhopkins
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