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Processing Materials
Processing Materials to withstand forces and increase lifespan
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| primary material | a substance produced naturally on the Earth i.e. wood, metals, oil, clay, stone |
| industrial material | a substance that has been processed i.e. wooden planks, latex |
| vulcanized | heated with sulfer to make it more resistant to temperature changes i.e. rubber into lates, iron mixed with carbon to form steel, crude oil into plastics |
| types of industrial materials | wood, metal, ceramics, plastic |
| hardwood | wood of broad-leaved deciduous trees, or trees that lose their leaves in the fall; heavy compact timber i.e. maple, oak, poplar |
| softwood | wood of coniferous, or cone-bearing, trees with needlelike leaves; generally light and easy to cut i.e. pines and firs |
| maufactured board | consturction material made from wood ships and sawdust; often stronger than the original wood used to make the board; doesn't warp or twist i.e. plywood and particle board |
| ferrous metal | alloy, more than half of which is iron i.e. steel |
| nonferrous metal | any metal other than iron and any alloy without a large amount of iron i.e. aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, tin, and zinc |
| brass | alloy of copper and zinc |
| bronze | alloy of copper and tin |
| pewter | alloy of tin, antimony, and copper |
| ceramics | objects made from clay or similar inorganic (nonliving) material, such as plaster, cement, limestone, or glass; don't conduct electricity well; can withstand high temperatures |
| glaze | glasslike material that protects the surface of cermaics and gives them color |
| plastic | made of many long, chainlike molecules call polyers; synthetic, or made by people rather than found in nature |
| thermoplastics | plastics that soften when heated, so they can be melted and shaped; when they cool, they become hard again i.e. nylon, orlon, polythylene, vinyl |
| thermoset plastic | plastic that does not soften when heated; instead they char and burn; useful for handles for pots and pans i.e. bakelie, formica |
| properties of material | strength, hardness, appearance, ability to conduct electricity, resistance to corrosion, and ability to transmit light |
| ductility | material that can be twisted, bent, or pressed without breaking i.e. metals |
| brittle | material that lacks ductility; inflexible, easily broken or shatterd, and will not deform without breaking i.e. window glass |
| elasticity | quality of being flexible i.e. rubber bands, springs, fishing rods |
| plasticity | stay deformed even after the force that shapes them is removed i.e. plastic, clay |
| strength | ability to keep its own shape even when a force is applied to it i.e. concrete |
| tension | force that pulls on a piece of material i.e. when a spring it pulled, it is under tension |
| compression | force that pushes on or squeezes material, opposite of tension i.e. squeezing a sponge, walking on rubber-soled shoes |
| torsion | force that twists a material i.e. twist off a piece of licorice candy |
| torque | a twisting force i.e. when wrench is used to twist a bolt |
| shear | when one part slides in one direction and the other part slides in the opposite direction; force act on material like a pair of scissors |
| toughness | capacity of a material to absorb energy without breaking i.e. leather |
| hardness | ability to resist being scratched or dented i.e. diamond, some metals, tungsten |
| conductors | little electrical resistance and allow electricity to pass through; most are metals i.e. wire made of copper |
| insulators | resist the flow of electricity most strongly and do not allow electricity to pass through i.e. plastic, rubber |
| thermal property | ability to conduct heat i.e. copper, aluminum |
| optical property | ability to transmit or reflect light i.e. window glass |
| processing | method by which materials are changed in form i.e. cotton fiber made into thread, wood chips made into paper |
| forming | process of changing the shape of a material without cutting it i.e. mettal can be bent, poured, or pressed into different shapes |
| forming processes | casting, pressing, forging, extruding, blow molding, vaccum forming |
| casting | process in which a liquid is poured into a mold, allowed to harden, and then removed from the mold taking on the reverse shape of the mold i.e. ice cubes, candles, ceremics |
| pressing | process in which force is applied to change the shape of the material, similar to casting i.e. making hamburger patties, waffle iron |
| sintering | process of applying pressure and heat to metal particles |
| forging | process in which a metal is heated until it becomes ductile, but not melted, and then hammered into shape i.e. metal parts for cars and planes |
| extruding | process in shich softened material is squeezed through an opening, much like squeezing toothpaste from a tube; material takse the shape of the opening |
| blow molding | a bit of heated plastic is places in the center of a mold, air is injected so the prastic expands in a uniform thickness to form the desired shape i.e. plastic bottles |
| vacuum forming | vacuum pulls a sheet of warm, soft plastic downward, and the plastic clings to whatever it is drawn against i.e. packing products, blister packaging |
| separating | process by which part of a material is removed, usually through cutting i.e. cutting food with a knife |
| shearing | process in which a knifelike blade is used for separating |
| sawing | process in which material is separated using a blad that has teeth |
| ripping | sawing wood int he direction of the grain |
| crosscutting | sawing wood across the grain |
| drilling | separating process in which round holes are cut in materials |
| grinding | process in which small particles of a material are used to sharpen or sand a surface |
| shaping | process by which a material is chipped away to change its shape |
| turning | material to be shaped, or workpiece, is spun by a machine called a lathe; the cutting tool is held against the spinning workpieve |
| filtering | method of separating solids from liquids in a mixture |
| separating | processes shearing, sawing, drilling, grinding, shaping, turning |
| rivet | holds pieces of sheet metal or other materials together; one end is already formed and the other end is hammered and formed after it's placed through the two pieces of metal to be fastened |
| nail | smooth metal piece used to fasten together two pieces of wood |
| screw | rigid metal piece that is used to pull one piece of material tightly against another |
| soldering | process of joining metals with heat and soft solder i.e. attach wires to electronic circuits |
| welding | the metals to be joined are heated until hot enough to fuse, or melt, together |
| glue | forms chemical bonds between itself and the materials being combined |
| coating | process used to beautify or protect a surface |
| electroplating | process in which electricity is used to form a thin metal coating on an object i.e. plated jewelry |
| composite | material formed by combining two or more other materials, that has distinctive properties possessed by none of the original materials i.e. plyw ood, fiberglass |
| conditioning | changes materials internal properties i.e. steel magnetized |
| hardening | heating steel red hot and quickly colling it in water, resulting in harder steel |
| tempering | heating steel, after hardening, to a temperature that is not quite red hot and cooling it quickly, making it less brittle |
| annealing | heating steel to red hot and then allowing it to cool very slowly, making the steel softer |
Created by:
rudolph.beukes
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