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Biology exam
Biology exam chapters 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Levels of organization (Biological Hierarchy) | 1)Biosphere- Earth 2)Ecosystems-living & nonliving 3)Community-only living 4)Population- group of same species 5)Organism-individual 6)Organ system 7) Organ- heart 8)Tissue 9)Cellular -basic level 10)Organelle 11) Chemical/ Molecular - |
| Properties of an organism ( Unity of life) | Organisms (uni-& multicellular) must have all 7 properties in order to function 1) Evolutionary adaptation 2)Response to environment (stimuli) 3)Reproduction 4)Growth & Development 5)Energy Utilization 6)Regulation (control) 7)Order |
| Evolutionary Adaptation | Adapting to the surroundings as a result of evolution which is the process that changes life on earth |
| Response to the enviorment | is a stimuli organisms use to detect stuff in the environment such as the nervous system that causes you to act because of stimuli in the enviorment |
| Reproduction | -Genetic info is key -reproduction is the ability to reproduce and pass on genetic info using the DNA properties i) Double helix (2 polynucleotides) ii) and the DNA bases A,T,C, &G |
| Growth & Development | the ability for multicellular cells to divide due to the genetic info |
| Energy Utilization | energy is transferred from one organism to another in different forms. energy flows through an ecosystem energy is fundimental because it is required to move, grow, and reproduce |
| Regulation (Control) | to maintain homeostasis (self regulating) using -negative feedback (good) because it minimizes the changes that are trying to excessively self regulate the body -positive feedback (bad) because it increases changes in the body in order to respond |
| Order & Structure | the different levels that the cell has to take in order to have a structure is important in the way the levels are ordered |
| Three domains | Domain Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Domain Eukarya are multicellular and unicellular -Protist ex) Amoeba -Fungi ex) Mold -Animalia ex) Animal -Plantae ex) Oak tree |
| Prokaryotic cell | Domain Bacteria (Unicellular -ecoli who love 37 degrees Celsius) & Domain Archaea (Unicellular- halophiles found in high salt concentrations) |
| Evolution | Studied by Charles Darwin w/2 theories to explain unity & diversity of heritable changes 1)Species living today are descendants of ancestral species 2) Natural selection:causes descent with modification survival to the fitist |
| Study of science | means to know how everything exists i) discovery science: based on observations that lead to questions ii)Hypothesis driven science (scientific method) 1)observation, 2)Question,3)Hypothesis,4)Prediction,5)Test,6)Result, 7)Conclusion |
| Chromosomes | contain genetic material in the form of DNA |
| Cellular Respiration | Cells get energy through Nutrients (energy) + O2(gas) = ATP( energy) |
| Atoms | are also known as elements of small units that combine to form matter -2 or more atoms combined = a compound or molecule |
| 3 states of matter | solid, liquid, gas |
| Anatomy of an atom | Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus as well as the neutron with the neutral charge. the electron with a negative charge surrounds the nucleus like a shell or cloud. The electron is attracted to the positive charge of the proton |
| Electron shell or cloud | the first shell max=2 second shell max= 8 third shell max= 8-are valence electrons because they are on the outer shell |
| Nobel Gases | are Helium(He), Neon, and Argon because they have maxed out electron shells |
| Stable Atoms | The outermost electron shell is full and do not like to react with other atoms Ex) Helium and Neon |
| Unstable Atoms | The outermost shell is NOT full 2 unstable atoms held by a chemical bond= a molecule 2 unstable atoms held by a chemical bond and result of a diff. element like the way salt is made = a compound ex) Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen |
| Types of compounds | i) Inorganic compound ii)Organic Compound; contains the atom carbon in many different structures which call for different functions |
| Types of chemical bonds | Formed by unstable Atoms i)Ionic Bond- (Oppositely charged (+ ,-)atoms) =an ion or a cation(+) or an anion (-) ii)Covalent Bond-(when electron is shared) non polar= equal sharing of electrons polar =unequal sharing, result as net charge of (+,-) |
| Hydrogen bond | formed between a partial (-) charged atom and a partially + charged atom ex) oxygen, & nitrogen -contributes to the formation of water -this bond helps alter the shape of larger compounds -can form polar molecules/ unequal sharing of +,&- charge |
| Isotope | when atoms contain more neutrons than other elements making them greater in mass |
| Properties of water ( hydrogen bonds) | 1) Cohesion Behavior 2) High heat capacity 3)Solid is less dense than a liquid form 4) Water is a solvent |
| What percent of water is found in human cells? | 70% so it is important we do not dehydrate |
| Water Cohesion Behavior | water molecules sticking together due to weak positive charges that the hydrogen bond emits -creating a chain of hydrogen bonds - Surface tension is created due to the hydrogen bonds and makes it harder to penetrate the surface of water |
| Water heat capacity | 100 degrees Celsius is boiling point -due to the chains of hydrogen bonds the water stays resistant to high temps. |
| What is the normal body temperture | 37 degrees celsius |
| Solid Water is less dense than liquid water | hydrogen bonds of ice are less dense than liquid water the ice bonds are straightened out |
| Water is a solvent | it has the ability to breakdown /dissociate other compounds into smaller forms - water consists of polar covalent bonds (unequal charges) that break down chemical bonds of solutes ex) Water + Salt= Saline solution (solvent)+(Solute) |
| Acid | Is an Inorganic compound that releases a hydrogen proton in a solution -increasing the Hydrogen concentration - an acidic solution has a pH below 7 |
| pH | potential for hydrogen concentration -range is from 0 to 14 |
| Bases | Inorganic compound that removes the hydrogen concentration from a solution - has a pH above 7 - is a covalent ad Ionic bond |
| Buffer | is a chemical added to a solution to keep the pH from changing when an acid or base is added to a solution |
| Blood pH | is normally 7.4 pH lungs and kindneys maintain the pHby controlling CO2 levels. -if pH is to low it causes acidosis that impairs the nervous system CO2 levels increase and pH decreases |
Created by:
Marlene0127
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