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Science Final 8th
Ashie's Science Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | made up of extremely small particles that make up atoms & molecules that are always in motion. |
| All matter | has energy. |
| Matter | anything that has mass & volume. |
| meter | SI unit for measuring length |
| grams (or kilograms) | SI Unit for measuring mass |
| liters | SI Unit for measuring volume |
| Scientific method | set of steps scientists use to answer questions and solve problems. |
| Densest liquids | settle to the bottom of a container |
| Least dense liquids | float on top of container |
| Density of water | One |
| Chemical changes | the composition of matter changes. |
| Physical changes | do not change the composition of matter. |
| Crystalline solids | have particles in repeating patterns of rows |
| Amorphous solids | have an irregular pattern of particles. |
| Three properties of Gases | Have particles that are 1) very fast moving 2) spread far apart 3) have no definite shape or volume. |
| Evaporation | liquid becomes a gas. E.g. Puddle of water becoming water vapor |
| Condensation | gas to a liquid. E.g. water drops on a cold glass |
| Compound | Two or more elements join together chemically to form a new substance. |
| Two examples of chemical properties | 1) flammability and 2) reactivity to oxygen or acid. |
| Soluble | Substance can be dissolved in water. |
| Solutions | Formed when two or more substances are evenly mixed. |
| Speed is determined by what two factors | distance and time. |
| Velocity is determined by what 3 factors | 1) distance 2) time and 3) direction. |
| Balanced forces | Have a net force of Zero Newtons. |
| Gravitational force | Determined by mass and distance. |
| The greater the mass | the greater the gravity (e.g. sun [large] vs moon [small]). |
| The closer the distance | the stronger the gravity (e.g. sun's pull on Earth vs Pluto). |
| The Law of Conservation of momentum | states that when objects collide the total amount of momentum stays the same. |
| (In the absence of air resistance) why do all objects fall to the ground at the same rate | Because the acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects on earth. |
| Newton’s 1st law of motion (law of inertia) | an object at rest will remain at rest / an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. |
| Atom | The smallest particle which an element can be divided and still be the same substance. |
| Nucleus of an atom is | dense & positively charged. |
| Electrons are where? | In the electron cloud. |
| Isotopes | Atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
| groups or families | Vertical columns on the periodic table |
| periods | horizontal rows on the periodic table |
| Metals | Elements to the left of the zigzag line of the periodic table. |
| Nonmetals | Elements to the right of the zigzag line of the periodic table (these make up the majority of the elements in the periodic table). |
| Metalloids | Elements that scatter either side of the zigzag line of the periodic table |
| Mendeleev | Arranged the elements by increasing atomic mass |
| Henry Mosley | Arranged the current periodic table by increasing atomic number. |
| How can you tell a chemical change has occurred | a new substance with different properties from the original substances is formed. |
| Reactants | are before the arrow in a chemical equation |
| Products | are after the arrow in a chemical equation. |
| The Law of Conservation of Mass | Mass cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. |
| When counting atoms | if no subscript is written it is assumed to be one atom. |
| Acids | 1) have a sour taste & 2) turn blue litmus paper red. |
| Bases | 1) have a bitter taste 2) feel slippery & 3) turn litmus paper blue. |
| pH above 7 | bases. |
| pH equals 7 | neutral |
| pH below 7 | acids |
| Why are telescopes put in space | to avoid interference from Earth’s atmosphere. |
| One rotation of Earth happens | Every 24 hours. |
| 365 ¼ days (1 year) | One revolution (orbit) of Earth around the sun |
| 29 ½ days (1 month) | One orbit of moon around the Earth |
| Color of a star depends on | its temperature. |
| Phases of the moon are caused by | the relative positions of the moon Earth and the sun. |
| Total solar eclipse | when the shadow of the moon falls on the Earth. |
| How did the moon form | A large planet sized body struck the Earth - called the Collision Ring Theory. |
| Why do we only see one side of the moon (the near side) | The moon’s period of rotation is equal to its period of revolution |
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ashie11
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