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ES 2nd Final - Boren
Earth Science 2nd Semester Final Exam - Vocab. & Concept Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Shield Volcano | This type of volcano has gentle slopes and less explosive eruptions of lava. |
| Lava | Molten (melted) rock material that is on the Earth's surface. |
| Igneous rocks | These rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens. |
| Stratosphere | This layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the ozone layer. |
| Magma | Molten (melted) rock material that is still underground. |
| Composite Volcano | This type of volcano erupts with both lava and volcanic ash. |
| Metamorphic rocks | These rocks form when intense heat and pressure alters and recrystallizes existing rocks deep underground. |
| Cinder Cone Volcano | This type of volcano has steep slopes and erupts violently when built up gases expel volcanic ash and rock with tremendous energy. |
| Nitrogen gas | This gas is the most abundant in Earth's atmosphere. |
| Divergent plate boundary | Where the plates pull apart and new crust is formed. Examples include seafloor spreading and rift valleys. |
| Sedimentary rocks | These rocks form when sand or other loose particles undergo cementation to become a new rock. |
| Oxygen gas | This is the 2nd most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere and is produced by photosynthesis in plants. |
| Convergent plate boundary | Where the plates push towards each other. This can include collision boundaries like the Himalayas or subduction boundaries like the Andes. |
| Transform Fault plate boundary | Where the plates slide past each other. The resulting friction form faults that eventually release energy as earthquakes. |
| Troposphere | This layer of Earth's atmosphere is where clouds and weather occur. |
| Focus | The underground location where the fault slip occurs to trigger an earthquake. |
| Epicenter | The location on the Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus. The intensity will be greatest here. |
| Seismograph | The device that measures an earthquake's seismic waves by having the pen remain still while the paper roll moves with the ground. |
| Moment Magnitude | The measurement of the total energy released by an earthquake. |
| Crust | The Earth's outermost layer is made of cool, rigid rock. |
| Inner Core | The Earth's innermost layer is made of solid iron and nickel due to the intense pressure. |
| Outer Core | This layer is made of liquid iron and nickel due to the intense heat. Its convection currents cause Earth's magnetic field. |
| Mantle | This layer is made of warm rock that is solid but capable of gradual flow and deformation. |
| Water Vapor | This atmospheric gas is a significant greenhouse gas and varies from 0% to 4% depending on current weather conditions. |
| Carbon Dioxide | This gas is found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts but is still a significant greenhouse gas. It is absorbed by plants in the process of photosynthesis. |
| Ozone gas | This gas is found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts and absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. |
| Pyroclastic material | These are cinders (volcanic ash) and rocks ejected by a volcanic eruption. |
| Agriculture | This type of activity uses the greatest percentage of California's freshwater. |
| Solar energy | This source of renewable energy is obtained directly from the Sun. |
| Geothermal energy | This source of renewable energy is obtained from heat that is found underground from steam and magma. |
| Fossil fuel energy | This source of nonrenewable energy comes from burning coal, gasoline, or natural gas. |
| Hydroelectric energy | This source of renewable energy comes from naturally moving water. |
| Nuclear energy | This source of nonrenewable energy comes from the heat of radioactive decay. |
| Thermosphere | This layer of Earth's atmosphere is where the auroras occur. |
| Mesosphere | This layer of Earth's atmosphere is where most meteors burn up. |
| Greenhouse effect | This is caused by greenhouse gases reradiating escaping heat in all directions - including back towards the Earth. |
| Continental drift | The hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener that the continents used to be together but have since moved apart. |
| Troposphere | This is the lowest layer in Earth's atmosphere. |
| Thermosphere | This is the highest layer in Earth's atmosphere. |
| Transform Fault plate boundary | This is the type of plate boundary that occurs along middle and southern California. |
| Convergent plate boundary (collision) | This is the type of plate boundary that occurs along the Himalayan mountains (where India and China border each other). |
| Convergent plate boundary (subduction) | This is the type of plate boundary that occurs along the Andes mountains (in Peru and Chile). |
| Oceanic plate | This type of tectonic plate or crust is more dense than the other. |
| Continental plate | This type of tectonic plate or crust is less dense than the other. |
| Density | This is defined as a object's or substance's mass divided by its volume. |
| Hot spot | This is the type of plate boundary created the Hawaiian island chain. |
| Divergent plate boundary | This is the type of plate boundary that occurs in Iceland which is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. |
| Lithosphere | The rocky layer that makes up the crust and upper mantle. |
| Left (counter-clockwise) | This is the direction that the Coriolis effect deflects winds in the Southern hemisphere. |
| Right (clockwise) | This is the direction that the Coriolis effect deflects winds in the Northern hemisphere. |
Created by:
john.boren
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