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Topic 8: Grey Matter
SNAB Neuroscience
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motor Neurone | conducts impulses from Central Nervous System to muscles or glands |
| Sensory Neurones | carry impulses from sensory cells (eg, eye) to the Central Nervous System |
| Relay Neurones | found within Central Nervous System and have a large number of connections with other cells. (connectors) |
| Resting Potential | the potential difference across the membrane when there is no impulse. -70mV |
| Action Potential | the large change in voltage across the membrane. All or nothing event. |
| Depolarisation | the reversal of the potential difference across the membrane - the inside becomes more positive. |
| Repolarisation | a return to the resting potential |
| Hyperpolarisation | when the potential overshoots -70mV and becomes more negative before returning to the resting potential. |
| Positive Feedback | a change which encourages further changes of the same sort. Na channels open the next one along… |
| Refactory Period | the time between action potentials where a new one cannot be generated. This is the time take to return to resting potential. |
| Myelin Sheath | the fatty insulating layer around the axon, made up of Scwhann cells |
| Nodes of Ranvier | the gaps between the Myelin Sheath, the only place where depolarisation can occur. |
| Saltatory Conduction | the ‘jumping’ action of the nerve impulse. |
| Pre-synaptic | before the synapse |
| Post- synaptic | after the synapse |
| Synaptic Cleft | the gap between the two neurones. |
| Neurotransmitter | chemical in the vesicles that diffuses across the gap and cause events that result in an action potential in the post-synaptic neurone |
| Acetylcholine | example of a neurotransmitter |
| Spatial Summation | impulses from different synapses and neurones |
| Temporal Summation | several impulses along one neurone, one after the other. |
| Excitatory Synapse | makes the post synaptic membrane more permeable to sodium ions |
| Inhibitory Synapse | make it less likely that an action potential will occur in the post synaptic neurone. |
| Hormones | chemical that can communicate with target cells. Secreted by Endocrine glands. |
| Photoreceptor | cell that is stimulated by light. In the eye these are know as Rod and Cone cells. |
| Bipolar neurones | neurones that connect the rod and cone cells to optic nerve |
| Rhodopsin | chemical in rod cells that is broken down by light. |
| Glutamate | the neurotransmitter released by the synapse of a rod cell. |
| Dark Adaptation | the reforming of rhodopsin after it has broken down. This can take a few minutes up to 50minutes. |
| Cerebral Hemispheres | the two halves of the brain. |
| Grey Matter | thin outer layer of the brain |
| Frontal Lobe | Decision making, Emotions, linked to Primary Motor Cortex |
| Temporal Lobe | processes auditory info – hearing, speech, some memory |
| Parietal Lobe | orientation, movement, some memory |
| Occipital Lobe | processes info from the eyes – vision, colour, shape, perspective |
| Corpus Callosum | white matter that connects cerebral hemispheres |
| Thalamus | routes all incoming sensory information to correct part of the brain |
| Hypothalamus | Body temperature, sleep, thirst, hunger. Acts as endocrine gland and linked to pituitary gland |
| Hippocampus | laying down long term memory |
| Cerebellum | balance, co-ordinates movement, checks motor programme |
| Brain Stem | oldest part of brain – midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| Midbrain | relays info to cerebral hemispheres |
| Medulla Oblongata | unconscious control such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure. |
| Neural Plasticity | potential of neurones to change in structure and function |
| CT scans | imaging using narrow beam X-rays |
| MRI scans | imaging using magnetic field and radio waves. |
| Critical Period | period of time after birth where it is critical for light stimuli to enter the eye in order for vision to fully develop. |
| Stereoscopic vision | Image is seen from two different angles and the view from one eye is compared with the other. |
| Classical Conditioning | A association is formed between a neutral stimulus (eg bell) and a response (salivating) which previously had no association. |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus that previously did not provoke a response |
| Operant Conditioning | The consequences of an action (reward) help to learn a particular behaviour |
| What are the two types of learning? | Insightful and Observing |
| Habituation | A type of learning where the animal learns to ignore an unimportant stimuli. |
| Sensitisation | Opposite of habiutuation. Animal develops an enhanced response to a stimuli. |
Created by:
roundwoodpark
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