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pharmacology
pharmacology
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Drug? | Any chemical that affects living tissue | |
| Medicine? | Chemical produce to produce therapeutic effect | |
| 3 drug names | 1-chemical 2-non-proprietary/genetic 3-proprietary/trade | |
| Pharmacodynamics | What drug does to body | |
| Pharmacokinetics | What body does to drug | |
| Affinity | Ability of drug to bind at receptor | |
| Efficacy | Ability to generate stimulus => effect | |
| Potency | Concentration at which drug produce effect | |
| Full agonist | Produce max effect response/equal to max response of tissue. | |
| Partial agonist | Max response less than max redone if tissue | |
| Agonist | Mimic effect of endogenous chem. Both efficacy and affinity | |
| Antagonist | Inhibit effect of endogenous chem sub. Affinity no efficacy | |
| Full agonist | Full efficacy at receptor | |
| Partial agonist | Only partial efficacy relative to full agonist | |
| Competitive reversible antagonist | Compete with agonist at receptor. Will bind, but not activate receptor. | |
| Competitive irreversible antagonist | Permanently bind to receptor | |
| Non competitive antagonist | Bind to allosteric (non agonist) site on receptor to prevent activation of receptor | |
| Structure of cell plasma membrane | Phosphate lipid bi-layer -heads(outer) are hydrophilic -tails(inter) are hydrophobic | |
| Homeostasis | Tendency towards relative suitable equilibrium. Maintaining a constant -internal- environment with balance of physiological variables despite -internal- conditions. | |
| pH? | Figure expressing acidity or alkalinity. 1-lower pH=> more acidic(readily gives H+ ions) 2-higher pH=> more basic(really accepts H+ ions) | |
| Negative Feedback | Response to reduce stimulus and restore homeostasis | |
| Bioavailability | Portion of drug that reaches systemic circulation intact. | |
| Enzymic metabolism of drug | Phase 1 (catabolic/functionalism) Phase 2 (synthetic/conjunction) | |
| 4 phases of pharmacokinetics | 1-absorption 2-distribution 3-metabolism 4-excretion | |
| Adverse drug event | Injury resulting from medical intervention related to a drug. -not necessarily due to drug- | |
| Adverse drug reaction | Any response to a drug which is noxious, unintended, and which occurs at doses normally (and appropriately) used in man fit the prophylaxis diagnosis or therapy of a disease | |
| Type A (augmented) ADR | -common. -typically predictable from known pharmacology of drug and related dose. -usually mild with higher morbidity and low mortality. -about to reproduce in animal study. | |
| Type B (bizarre) ADR | -uncommon. -unpredictable. -not related to known pharmacology of drug. -high mortality and high morbidity -e.g.allergy, hypersensitivity | |
| Type C (chronic) ADR | -uncommon. -related to cumulative dose. | |
| Type D(delay) ADR | -uncommon. -usually dose related. -occurs or becomes apparent some time after the use of drug. | |
| ADR Risk factors | Age, gender, concurrent diseases, genetic factors, history of prior drug use, Chemical characteristics, route of admin, dose, duration and frequency. | |
| 5 Rights | Drug, dose, route, time, patient | |
| Mutagenic | Physical or chemical agent rhesus cause genetic material (DNA) to undergo a detectable and heritable structural change. All mutagens are teratogens, but not all teratogens are mutagens. | |
| Carcinogen | Any agent that by either direct or indirect action cause a normal call to become a neoplastic cell | |
| Teratogen | A substance that causes transient or permanent physical or functional disorder in the foetus without causing toxicity to the mother. | |
| ABSORPTION- Altered pharmacokinetics elderly | ~+ gastric pH. ~ altered gastric emptying and intestinal blood flow. ~ decrease in first pass metabolism in liver | |
| DISTRIBUTION- Altered pharmacokinetics elderly | +Altered body composition (+fat store). ~ -in total body water. ~ -plasma albumin ~ -blood flow and cardiac output | |
| METABOLISM -Altered pharmacokinetics elderly | ~ -hepatic blood flow ~ -in oxidative metabolism(P450 system) | |
| EXCRETION -Altered pharmacokinetics elderly | decrease globular filtration rate and renal function | |
| Neurotransmitters of ANS | ACh (acetylcholine) and NA (noradrenaline) | |
| Receptors of ANS | ACh(-Muscarinic,-nicotinic) NA(-ALPHA, BETA) | |
| SNS Pre ganglionic receptor | Nicotinic | |
| SNS post ganglionic receptors | ALPHA..BETA | |
| PNS pre ganglionic receptor | Nicotinic | |
| PNS post ganglionic receptor | Muscarinic | |
| Somatic efferent system receptor | Nicotinic | |
| Alpha adrenoceptors | Noradrenaline> adrenaline> isoprenaline (excitatory response) | |
| BETA adrenoceptors | Isoprenaline> adrenaline> Noradrenaline (Inhibitory response, except in heart) | |
| Organophosphate poisoning symptoms | 1.Stim of Muscarinic receptors(SLUDGE) 2.Stim of Nicotinic receptors(NMTWTF) 3.CNS effects(anxiety, lethargic, psychosis, coma, seizure) | |
| SLUDGE Organophosphate poisoning | Muscarinic symptoms... S-alivation L-acrimation U-rination D-efecation G-I cramping E-misis | |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. | |
| SNS pre ganglionic neurotransmitter | AHc | |
| SNS post ganglionic neurotransmitter | NA ACh | |
| PNS pre/post ganglionic neurotransmitter | ACh | |
| Nicotinic receptors | Autonomic junction Adrenal medulla | |
| Adrenal medulla | Innovated by ACh directly to provided sympathetic response | |
| Alpha-1 | Alpha 1 receptors - smooth muscle contraction | |
| Beta-1 | increase speed, force of contraction and conductivity of heart | |
| Beta-2 | smooth muscle relaxation - bronchodilator | |
| Things that affect a patient's response to drugs? | age weight environment genetics | |
| What are the Pregnancy drug levels? | A- No fetal harm B- Animals were good, never tested on human C- Drugs should be given if benefits outweigh risk D- Human fetal risk, but benefits could be wanted X- Animals and human fetal risk, no benefit | |
| Pharmacokinetic process | 1. Absorption. 2.Distribution. 3.Metabolism. 4.Excretion. | |
| Alpha-2 | Presynaptic "inhibitory feedback" | |
| Nicotinic symptoms for Organophosphate poisoning. | M-Muscle cramps. T-Tachycardia. W-Weakness . T-Twitching. F_Fasciculations. Max The Weary Toad Farted | |
| who regulates Drugs in AUS | Therapeutic Goods Administration | |
| What is Therapeutic Goods? | product for use in humans; 1.prevent, diagnose, cure a disease ailment or injury. 2.influencing, inhibiting or modifying a physiological process. 3.testing the susceptibility to disease or ailment. | 4.influencing controlling or preventing conception. 5.testing pregnancy includes 1.ingredient or components in the manufacture of therapeutic goods. 2.thing used to replace or modify part of anatomy |
| Registered drugs/meds | -most OTC meds. -ALL prescribed meds are registered. | Complimentary meds must be registered if: 1.contain ingredient or componant that is subjct to condtns of a schedual. 2.contain an ingredient that has been identified as being unsuitable for use in listed medications |
| when is a therapeutic good unacceptable for registration | 1.states something that the goods have ingredients/compnts that they dont 2.name is the same as another therapeutic good supplied in australia 3.label of good doesnt declare presence of active therapeutic ingredient. | |
| Sheduling of drugs | toxicity is one of the factors considered, the decision to include a substance in a particular Schedule also takes into account criteria such as the purpose of use, potential for abuse, safety in use and the need for the substance | |
| Drug Scheduling | 1- Unscheduled 2-Pharmacy medicine 3-Pharmacist only medication 4-Prescription only Medication 5-caution 6-poison 7-dangerous poison 8-Controlled drug 9-Prohibited substance | |
| Drug Labeling | must contain NAME, MANUFACTURER+one or more of following:1-signal words(warn of potential hazard) 2-cautionary statement(concise general precaution) 3-safety directions(for safe use) 4-warning statement(advise about specific hazard to avoid) | 5-first aid instruction(advice if poisoned) 6-Dangerous goods classification symbols 7-name quantity proportion strength of constituents 8-directions for use |
| Schedule 2 drugs | pharmacy only meds. mostly cough and cold preparations, some antihistamines, some anti-inflammatory drugs and mild analgesics | |
| Schedule 3 Drugs | Pharmacist only Medicine--\available to public from a pharmacist, medical, dental or veterinary practitioner. some metered-dose bronchodilatators, some topical corticosteroids, low-strength analgesics, emergency contraception and adrenaline injections | |
| Schedule 4 Drugs | Prescription only Medication--\only under prescription from a medical, dental and veterinary practitioner. antibiotics, antidepressants, hormones including insulin and hormonal contraceptives, vaccines, cardiovascular and central nervous system drugs. | All new drugs are scheduled S4 drugs.\ require: Records of administration and supply, records of transfers between different storage locations, and records of destruction and disposal. |
| Schedule 8 Drugs | CONTROLLED DRUG--\ possession without authority is illegal. Prescriptions are valid for only 3 months.\\opioids (morphine, fentanyl, methadone, codeine only) and central nervous stimulants such as dexamphetamine. | Require; Records of administration and supply, records of transfers between different storage locations, and records of destruction and disposal. + readily sorted by substnce, show true balance of subs and name of prsn carrying out transaction |
| Advertising Regualtion | direct to consumer permitted in unscheduled, sched 2, and sched 3 only not permited for sched 4 and sched 8 | |
| Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) | provide affordable access to necessary medicines. Government covers a large proportion of the cost. Pt.pay the co-payment | |
| Harm minimisation –the National Strategy | ‘refers to policies and programs designed to reduce and prevent harm associated with both licit and illicit drugs’. \ ‘Harm minimisation includes prevention of uptake of harmful use of licit and illicit substances. It aims to improve health, >>> | social and economic outcomes for both the community and the individual and encompasses a wide range of approaches including abstinence-orientated strategies’ |
| Harm minimisation Objectives and Strategies | Objectives: –identify harms to the individual and society –implement strategies to minimise these harms Strategies: –demand reduction –supply reduction –harm reduction |
Created by:
Gt_cockatoo
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