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OPT CNS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1. thrombotic occlusion 2. embolic occlusion 3. vascular rupture | 3 processes of cerebrovascular diseases |
| functional hypoxia | low partial pressure of O2, impaired O2 carrying capacity are some examples of this |
| ischemia | result of tissue hypo perfusion caused by hypotension and vascular obstruction; form of hypoxia |
| global cerebral ischemia | widespread ischemic injury with generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion below 50 mm Hg pressure |
| focal cerebral ischemia | due to a cerebral occlusion that causes focal ischemia -{embolic infarcts are the most common} |
| paradoxical emboli | embolus from venous circulation crosses to arterial through atrial or ventricular septal defect |
| cerebral infarcts | most commonly in areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | precedes a cerebral infarct, neurologic dysfunction caused by self-limited episodes of obstruction |
| primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage | spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhages; hypertension is underlying cause |
| subarachnoid hemorrhage and saccular aneurysms | acute increases in intracranial pressure; can cause a rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm |
| chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) | trauma associated with degeneration of the brain; in NFL players |
| contusions | brain hits skull during head injury; rapid tissue displacement and hemorrhage |
| diffuse axonal injury | widespread injury to axons in brain due to movement of one area of the brain relative to another |
| concussion | reversible altered consciousness from head injury in absence of contusion; transient neurologic issues |
| epidural hematoma | middle meningeal artery vulnerable to injury; neurosurgical emergency |
| subdural hematoma | between dura and brain; in babies and old people |
| epidural abscesses | adjacent to site of infection, forms pus in a new cavity |
| subdural empyema | infections in skull or sinuses, can spread and form pus in a normal cavity |
| meningitis (leptomeningitis) | inflammatory process of leptomeninges in subarachnoid space; called {meningoencephalitis} if it goes to brain |
| acute pyogenic meningitis (bacterial meningitis) | smear can be cultured from CSF; patients show signs of systemic infection |
| aseptic meningitis | infection of mycobacteria or spirochetes |
| neurosyphilis | tertiary stage of disease, loss of mental and physical functions -paretic syphilis- invasion to brain |
| tabes dorsalis | wasting of peripheral nerves in dorsal root so impaired proprioception |
| Charcot joints | loss of pain sensation leading to skin and joint damage in tertiary syphilis |
| brain abscesses | almost always bacterial infection; destructive lesions |
| viral encephalitis | almost always associated with the meninges so aka {meningoencephalitis} |
| progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | caused by JC virus in AIDS patients; demyelinates oligodendrites |
| prion disease (spongiform encephalopathies) | microscopic vacuolation in neurons; abnormal forms of prion protein |
| scapie | prion disease in sheep |
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy | prion disease in cattle |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | rare prion disease of rapid dementia in people over 70 |
| variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | aka 'Mad Cow Disease'; acquired in younger people from BSE |
| demyelinating diseases | normal myelin is broken down; includes MS and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | autoimmune demyelinating disease; unilateral visual impairment is often first sign |
| dysmyelinating diseases | metabolic disorders of abnormal myelin aka {leukodystrophy} |
| leukodystrophies | inherited diseases of mutations of normal myelin formation or turnover |
| thiamine deficiency | causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
| Wernicke encephalopathy | confusion, eye movements, and ataxia; thiamine deficiency |
| Korsakoff syndrome | thiamine deficiency that progresses to this irreversible condition, memory disturbances |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome | thiamine deficiency in alcoholics |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | leads to {pernicious anemia} and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord |
| dementia | development of memory impairment and cognitive deficits, decreasing functional ability |
| Alzheimer disease | most common cause of dementia in elderly |
| beta amyloid | peptide that accumulates in brain, initiates chain of events that results in AD |
| tau | hyperphosphorylated by beta amyloid; redistributes and forms tangles |
| plaques | extracellular lesion of AD |
| neurofibrillary tangles | intracellular lesion of AD |
| Parkinson Disease | masked facies, stooped posture, slow movement and tremor; damage to dopaminergic neurons |
| Lewy body | diagnostic of Parkinson Disease; inclusion of alpha-synuclein for synaptic transmission |
| Huntington Disease | auto-dominantly inherited disease, jerky movements and dementia; trinucleotide repeat in Huntington gene |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) | death of low motor neurons in spinal cord and upper motor neurons in cortex; superoxide dismutase mutation -death by respiratory infection |
| glioma | tumors of brain parenchyma that resemble glial cells |
| astrocytoma | most common group of primary CNS tumors |
| medulloblastomas | in children and in cerebellum, highly malignant; kids with Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma |
| meningioma | benign adult tumors, usually attached to dura |
| tuberous sclerosis | auto-dominantly inherited syndrome of hamartomas (tubers) that cause seizures |
| Von Hippel Lindau Disease | auto-dominantly inherited disorder of hemangioblastomas on CNS structures; can develop renal cell carcinoma |
Created by:
aharnold
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