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OPT Musculoskeletal
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) | abnormal development of type I collagen; blue sclera and opalescent teeth |
| achondroplasia | impaired maturation of cartilage in growth plate; major cause of dwarfism |
| osteopetrosis (marble bone disease) | deficient osteoclast activity so defective bone remodeling and pancytopenia |
| osteoporosis | increased porosity of skeleton from reduced bone mass so fragile; related to reduced estrogens |
| Paget disease (osteitis deformans) | bursts of osteoclast resorption, osteoblast deposition and cellular exhaustion; net effect is a gain in bone mass but new bone is weak -possibly due to a paramyxovirus |
| monostotic | Paget disease bone lesion confined to a single bone |
| polyostotic | Paget disease bone lesion in numerous bones |
| mosaic pattern | histological feature of Paget disease, loose interstitium that is very vascular |
| cotton-wool pattern | radiographic pattern of Paget disease, radiolucent and radiopaque areas |
| osteomyelitis | infection that spreads to medullary spaces of bone, often Staphylococcus aureus |
| acute suppurative osteomyelitis | type of osteomyelitis, treat by draining and giving antibiotics |
| chronic suppurative osteomyelitis | type of osteomyelitis, infection causing fibrosing reaction so treat by surgery and antibiotics |
| fibrous dysplasia | replacement of localized bone by proliferation of fibrous tissue and unorganized woven bone |
| monostotic fibrous dysplasia | involves single bone, begins in childhood and stops at puberty |
| polyostotic fibrous dysplasia without endocrine involvement (Jaffe syndrome) | multiple, unilateral bones affected;some cafe-au-lait pigmentation |
| polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in association with endocrinopathies (McCune-Albright syndrome) | melanin pigmentation of skin (cafe-au-lait), majority of bones affected unilaterally and hormone issues |
| Chinese characters | appearance of histological pattern in fibrous dysplasia; fibrous CT with intermixed woven bone |
| ground glass | radiographic appearance of ill-defined increased radiopacity |
| Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) | primary malignant small round cell tumors of bone and soft tissue; patients 10-15, arise in medullary cavity and produce expansile mass with onion-skin pattern |
| giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma) | neoplasm of osteoclast-like giant cells with intermixed mononuclear mesodermal cells; most arise in epiphysis of long bones and cause local pain |
| metastatic disease | most common malignancies in bone from prostate, breast, kidney, and lung cancers; prostate metastasis can be radiopaque |
| osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) | most common joint disorder; degeneration of articular cartilage with bone changes occurring as a secondary effect, does not begin with inflammation but causes it |
| fibrillation | vertical fissures in cartilage cap in early stages of osteoarthritis |
| eburnation | when entire bone becomes exposed and is thick and polished |
| osteophytes | small bony outgrowths that cause more inflammation |
| Heberden nodes | nodular enlargement, especially in fingers of osteophytes in osteoarthritis |
| rheumatoid arthritis | systemic, chronic autoimmune disease that attacks the joints |
| pannus | inflammatory hyperplasia of synovial membrane; eventually fills the entire joint space |
| rheumatoid nodules | subcutaneous nodules in areas of mechanical pressure; necrotic collagen surrounded by granulomatous inflammation |
| rheumatoid factor | autoantibodies that attach to host's own IgG antibodies |
| gout | tissue accumulation of excessive amounts of uric acid that crystallizes |
| primary (idiopathic) gout | gout of unknown cause or an inborn metabolic issue |
| secondary gout | cause is known or gout is not the main disorder; often in chemo patients and renal failure |
| acute arthritis | precipitation of urate crystals in synovial fluid and membranes; in big toe and cooler joints |
| chronic arthritis | secondary to repeated acute attacks; crystals penetrate the bone and tissue and persist |
| tophus | deposit of urate crystals, diagnostic of gout |
| intercritical gout | asymptomatic period in between attacks |
| myasthenia gravis | autoimmune disease of depletion of acetylcholine receptors; weakness, fatigue of muscles and thymic issues |
| ptosis | dropping of eyelids in myasthenia gravis |
| diplopia | double vision in myasthenia gravis |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | X-linked recessive disorder, absence of dystrophin (holds myocyte together) |
| pseudohypertrophy | replacement of lost muscle cells with fibrofatty tissue |
| fibrous tissue tumor | fibromatosis, fibrous histiocytoma -fibrosarcoma |
| adipose tissue tumor | lipoma -liposarcoma |
| striated muscle tumor | rhabdomyoma -rhabdomyosarcoma |
| smooth muscle tumor | leiomyoma -leiomyosarcoma |
| peripheral nerve tumor | neurofibroma, neurilemoma -neurofibrosarcoma |
| blood vessel tumor | hemangioma -angiosarcoma |
| lymphatic vessel tumor | lymphangioma -lymphangiosarcoma |
| bone forming cell tumor | osteoma, osteoblastoma -osteosarcoma |
| cartilage tumor | chrondroma -chondrosarcoma |
| interstitial tumor | fibromatosis-fibrosarcoma hemangioma-angiosarcoma neurofibroma-neurosarcoma |
Created by:
aharnold
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