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Genetics+Cells
Study of genetics, cell cycle including mitsosis miosis, genetic mutations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei.[ |
| Meiosis | is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is halved. |
| Chromosome | is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. A chromosome is a single piece of DNA that contains many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. |
| Chromatids | is one among the two identical copies of DNA making up a replicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). |
| Nucleosome | form the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin[1], which is used to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus while still ensuring appropriate access to it |
| Centromere | is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two sister chromatids come in contact. It is involved in cell division as the point of mitotic spindle. |
| Cell cycle | is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication). In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotes), the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. |
| Inerphase | phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of time and is considered to be the 'living' phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell functions. |
| Prophase | is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome. in which the chromatin becomes visible. |
| Metaphase | is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. |
| Anaphase | is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate in a eukaryotic cell. Each chromatid moves to opposite poles of the cell, the opposite ends of the mitotic spindle, near the microtubule organizing centers. |
| Telophase | is a stage in either meiosis or mitosis in a eukaryotic cell reversing the effects of prophase and prometaphase events. |
| Chromosome number | is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a biological cell. In humans, the somatic cells that comprise the body are diploid (containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one set derived from each parent), but(sperm and egg) are haploid. |
| Haploid | A set of chromosomes containing only one member of each chromosome pair. The sperm and egg are haploid and, in humans, have 23 chromosomes. |
| Diploid | A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled, thus, this condition is also known as 2n. |
| Bipolar mitotic spindle | The bilateral symmetry in spindle structure andchromosome attachment is critical to the ability of the spindle to pull apart chromatid pairsand transport a complete set of chromosomes to each end of the cell. |
| Cleavage furrow | The Actin and Myosin filament continue to slide past each other, tightening the ring further, until the original membrane is pinched in two and cell division is complete. |
| Cell plate | This process entails the delivery of Golgi-derived and endosomal vesicles carrying cell wall and cell membrane components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within this plane. |
| Cancer | is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues) |
| Neoplasms | is the abnormal proliferation of cells, resulting in a structure known as a neoplasm. The growth of this clone of cells exceeds, and is uncoordinated with, that of the normal tissues around it. |
| Reproduction | is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. |
| Genes | is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. |
| Alleles | is one member of a pair or series of different forms of a gene. Usually alleles are coding sequences, but sometimes the term is used to refer to a non-coding sequence. |
| Homologous chromosomes | are chromosomes in a biological cell that pair (synapse) during meiosis, or alternatively, non-identical chromosomes that contain information for the same biological features and contain the same genes |
| Crossing over | is the process by which two chromosomes pair up and exchange sections of their DNA. This often occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis in a process called synapsis. |
| Chiasmata | it describes the point where two chromatids are intertwined (interwoven) in a cell: |
| Egg | Deals with sperm entering fertilizing egg |
| Spore | |
| Fertilization | is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In animals, the process involves a sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo. |
| Sperm | A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon, whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, |
| Oogenesis | is the creation of an ovum (egg cell). It is the female process of gametogenesis. It involves the various stages of immature ova. |
| Spermatogensis | the production and development of spermatozoa |
| What does inheritance mean | - the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children. |
| When comparing diploids and haploids, which one has the most chromosomes? | Both contain equal amount of chromosomes. 23-23 |
| What is the difference between a mutation and a deformation? | Mutation is any inherited alteration of genetic material. Deformation is is a major difference in the shape of body part or organ compared to the average shape of that part. |
| How do we learn about an individual’s autosomes and sex chromosomes? Describe how this method is used. | autosomal chromosomes; the 22 pairs of chromosomes, excluding the sex chromosomes are called autosomes. the non-autosomal chromosome is the sex chromosome (chromosome 23); in females it is a homologous pair (XX); in males it is a pair (XY). |
| What is the significance of a genetic disease coming from a gene on an autosome or a sex chromosome? | |
| Nondisjunction? | is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division. This could arise from a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II or mitosis. |
| Autosome? | The X and Y chromosomes are not autosomal. Non-autosoma chromosomes are usually referred to as sex chromosomes, allosomes or heterosomes. |
| Sex-Chromosome? | Either of a pair of chromosomes, usually designated X or Y, in the germ cells of most animals and some plants, that combine to determine the sex and sex-linked characteristics of an individual, with XX resulting in a female and XY in a male in mammals. |
| Chromosomal Mutations? | involves a long segment of DNA. These mutations can involve deletions, insertions, or inversions of sections of DNA. deleted sections may attach to other chromosomes, disrupting both the chromosomes that loses the DNA and the one that gains it. |
| Mutation? | A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene. |
| Gene Mutation? | Mutation in which just one gene is changed in a set of different genes being produces with chromosome. |
| Point Mutation? | is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA. Often the term point mutation also includes insertions or deletions of a single base pair. |
| Frameshift Mutation? | is a genetic mutation caused by indels, ie. insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. |
| TranslocationPolyploidy? | chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. |
| Aneuploidy? | is defined as an abnormal number of chromosomes. Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized genetic disorders in humans. |
| Duplication? | An extra copy of a gene. Gene duplication is a key mechanism in evolution. Once a gene is duplicated, the identical genes can undergo changes and diverge to create two different genes. |
| Inversion? | Where a particular nucleotide sequence is reversed, and is not as serious as the above mutations. This is because the nucleotides that have been reversed in order only affect a small portion of the sequence at large |
| Deletion? | Here, certain nucleotides are deleted, which affects the coding of proteins that use this DNA sequence. |
| How many Genes are in the body? | 25,000 |
| Sickle Cell Anemia? | Sickle cell anemia produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. The cells are sickle. They don't last as long as normal, round red blood cells. sickle cells get stuck in blood vessels, blocking blood flow. This can cause pain and organ damage. |
| Cystic Fibrosis? | is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus) glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure. |
| Achondroplasia? | is a type of autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is a common cause of dwarfism. |
| Huntington Disease? | Huntington's disease is a progressive, degenerative disease that causes certain nerve cells in your brain to waste away. As a result, you may experience uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances and mental deterioration. |
| Hemophilia? | Hemophilia is a rare inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally. |
| Color Blindness? | a color vision deficiency, is the inability to perceive differences between some of the colors that others can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature |
| Down Syndrome? | In most cases of Down syndrome, a child gets an extra chromosome 21 — for a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. |
| Klinefelter Syndrome? | Klinefelter's syndrome is a condition that occurs in men who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells. The syndrome can affect different stages of physical, language and social development. |
| Turner Syndrome? | is a genetic condition in which a female does not have the usual pair of two X chromosomes. |
| Cri-du-chat Syndrome? | is a group of symptoms that result from missing a piece of chromosome number 5. The syndrome’s name is based on the infant’s cry, which is high-pitched and sounds like a cat. |
| Discuss adaptations? | It is the process, which takes place under natural selection, whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat.[ |
| What is selection? | In the context of evolution, certain traits or alleles of a species may be subject to selection. Under selection, individuals with advantageous or "adaptive" traits tend to be more successful than their peers reproductively |
| Contrast the differences and compare similarities between Natural Selection and Artificial Selection? | intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination. It was defined by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability |
| Explain the concept of coevolution and provide an example? | Bumblebees and the flowers they pollinate have coevolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival. |
| What is speciation? What are the types of speciation? Are all types of speciation widely accepted theories? | is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution |
| Describe what happens in Adaptive Radiation using an example? | characterized by an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage |
| How are Natural Selection and speciation related? | Natural selection is something has certain traits to survive in certaina areas. If there is a problem speciation makes a new thing to even out the problem. |
| What is the evidence for Evolution? | Ice samples in the north poll and antartica, rock samples, fossil samples, amber samples. |
| If there are two individual alleles for a trait the individual is _____ for that trait? | Homozygous |
| The Father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What principle states that during gamete formation genes from different traits separate without influencing each others inheritance? | Principle of Independant assortment |
| Is the value for p in a given population is 0.4 what are the percentages of the other genotypes in this equation? p^2+2pq+q^2? | .16+.48+.36=1 |
| How many alleles does a male need to have a sex-linked trait? | One Allele |
| When a man has an X sex-linked trait who is more apt to receive the allele from him? | The daughter will receive the X |
| Several male members of the English Royal Family has hemophilia, which parent gave the condition | The mother gave them Hemophilia |
| What did gregor mendel study with pea plants? | Inheritance |
| A plant with red flowers is crossed with another of the same variety that has white flowers. If the traits are co-dominant, what will be the color of the offspring? | Both, red and white. |
| Which type of individual will produce the most allele combinations in gametes? | Heterozygous |
| If you crossed two pea plants that were both heterozygous for the traits tall and short, round peas and wrinkled peas. Short and wrinkled are the recessive traits. What ratio of phenotypes would you produce? What would those pehnotypes be? | 9:3:3:1 9 tall & round, 3 short & round, 3 Tall & Wrinkled, 1 short & Wrinkled |
| What type of antigen does a person with blood AB have? | A and B |
| If a population had a frequency of .35 blood. A allele and a .45 of the O allele. What is the frequency of the B allele? What is the AB blood type in this population? | B has a frequency of .20 and type AB is .14 |
| When a chromosome breaks free and gets back in reverse order, what kind of mutation is this? | Inverted mutation |
| A single base is added and an entire protein changed- wha kind of mutation is this? | Frameshift mutation |
| A chrmosome starts off witha gene HIJKLM. at the end of meiosis. The chromosome is HIJKL. What is the type of mutation? | Deletion |
| A male karyotype that is a sterile individual with a trisomy on chromosome 23 is a person with _____ syndrome? | Kliensfelder syndrome |
| The best way to display the phenotypes and genotypes of a genetic cross is to use this. | Punnet square |
| What blood types can receive a transfusion from blood type O? | They can receive blood from anyone because it is universal |
| A person with blood type AB had a father that had blood type B. What are the possible genotypes of that persons mother? | AB,AA,AO |
| An individuals blood sample is taken and placed in 3 wells anti-A and anti-B and anti-Rh are added. All the wells chump what blood type is this person? | AB+ |
| What does phenotype mean? | Any observable trait that you can see |
| Traits controlled by two or more genes are ____ traits? | Polygenetic traits |
| How would you show a female with or affected with a particular trait on a pedigree? | A filled in circle |
| If two aprents with dominate traits have a child with recessive traits what is the genetype of oth parents? | Heterozygous parents |
| What type of sec chromosomes would an egg of a human female have? | X chromosome |
| When comparing diploids and haploids who has mroe chromosomes? | Diploids have twice as much |
| How does a sex influenced traits behave differently? | Acts dominant in males and acts recessive in females |
| What is turners syndrome | Missing a sex chromosome |
| on 21st chromosome | Down syndrome |
| Anti A andti B anti Rh. | AB+ all the wells clump |
Created by:
fanettij
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