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Earth Science Exam16
Questions on Earth Science Exam: Spring 2016 (Chatham Charter)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Earth's liquid water, ice, and water vapor together | hydrosphere |
| source of energy for the hydrologic (water) cycle | the sun |
| most water on Earth (97%) | salt-water |
| area of land drained by a river system | watershed |
| measure of the cloudiness of water | turbidity |
| process by which plants give off water vapor into the air | transpiration |
| all the sediments carried by a stream | load |
| the slope (steepness) of a stream | gradient |
| gathering together of water vapor to form clouds | condensation |
| 3 types of freshwater wetlands, and which can support trees | bog, marsh, swamp; SWAMP |
| layer of sediment/rock that does not let water pass through | aquiclude |
| underground formation that contains groundwater supply | aquifer |
| measures how easily liquids pass through sold or rock | permeability |
| name of the zone in which ground water is located | zone of saturation |
| describes the porosity AND permeability of a good aquifer | high |
| 2 major factors controlling slow, deep ocean currents | temperature and salinity |
| tide with smallest difference between high and low tides, produced when the sun and moon are at right angles to Earth (2/month) | neap tide |
| type of seawater with the greatest density | cold and high salinity (saltiness) |
| slow-moving, deep water currents in the ocean | density currents |
| % salinity (saltiness) of the ocean, on average | 3.5% |
| layer of the ocean characterized by rapidly decreasing temperature as depth increases | thermocline |
| direction of ocean surface current flow in the northern hemisphere | clockwise |
| tide with greatest difference between high and low tides, occurring when the sun, Earth, and moon are aligned (2/month) | spring tide |
| difference in elevation between high and low tide | tidal range |
| micro-organisms in the ocean that produce half the world's oxygen | phytoplankton |
| rising of nutrient-rich, deep cold currents to the ocean surface | upwelling |
| relative dating principle that assumes geologic processes in the past are similar to those of today | uniformitarianism |
| calculating the age of rock by measuring the amount of parent and daughter isotopes present and knowing the 1/2-life of the parent isotope | radiometric dating |
| what percent of a radioisotope retains its radioactivity after 1 half-life? 2 half-lives? 3 half-lives? | 50%; 25%; 12.5% |
| what fraction of a radioisotope retains its radioactivity after 1 half-life? 2 half-lives? 3 half-lives? | 1/2; 1/4; 1/8 |
| process that results only in a determination of which rock layer/geologic feature is older | relative dating |
| process that determines an exact numerical age of a rock layer/geologic feature | absolute dating |
| using tree rings to determine ages of events | dendrochronology |
| remains of species that existed on Earth for relatively short periods of time, but were abundant and widespread making them useful for assigning absolute ages to a rock layer in which they are found | index fossil |
| gaps in the rock sequence record, generally due to erosion | unconformities |
| pieces of rock indebted in sedimentary rock are older than the sedimentary rock (so radiometric dating doesn't work it) | principle of inclusion |
| smallest and largest divisions\ of geologic time | epoch; eon |
| approximate age of the Earth according to the current geologic time scale | 4.6 billion years |
| volcanism is found near which boundary? | Divergent Boundaries |
| Layer (zone) of Earth that is made of liquid iron and nickel | Outer core |
| The general (average) composition of Earth's continental crust | Granite |
| Line on a map that outlines crust formed at the same time | Isochron |
| Creation of new ocean crust by upwelling of magma occurs at | mid-ocean ridges |
| The general composition of Earth's oceanic crust | basalt |
| Convergent boundary that does not have a subduction zone | Continent-Continent |
| Part of Earth that doesn't transmit S-waves from an earthquake | outer core |
| boundary where two plates come together is a ___?___ boundary | Convergent |
| the way a mineral's surface reflects light | luster |
| the color of a mineral in powder form | streak |
| mineral that feels 'soapy' and is too soft to scratch any other | talc |
| property of minerals exhibited when they glow under ultraviolet light | fluorescence |
| what is a distinct layer that is within a cross section of Earth's soil | horizon |
| which agent of erosion is responsible for U-shaped valleys like those in Yoesmite National Park | glaciers |
| what is the primary(most important)factor affecting weathering rate | climate |
| projection that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude, but distorts at poles? | Mercator Projection |
| On a topographic map, what do hachures point towards? | lower elevations |
| zero longitude | Prime Meridian |
| difference in elevation between contour lines on a topographic map | contour interval |
| darker lines with numbers on topographic maps | index contours |
| uses infrared and visible light to make remote sensing images of Earth | Landsat |
| If given a point on a map, what two things do you use to find the location? | latitude & longitude |
| A paper or computer record of a earthqauke is called a | seismogram |
| What are the two main reasons why Earth's interior is hot | Natural decay of radioactive elements inside earth; heat from Earth's original form |
| a feature that forms along a continental-continental convergent boundary | folded mountains |
| a volcano with a round base and built with non explosive lava and has highly basaltic lava flows | sheild volcano |
| tectonic plates that sink back into the mantle, sometimes forming a trench | subduction |
| 4 evidence Wegener used to support continental drift | Puzzle pieces; fossils; rocks/geology; glaciers/climate |
| three types of scales | fractional, verbal, graphical |
| the difference between the highest and lowest points shown on a topographic map | total relief |
| lines that never cross, get closer as land becomes steeper, and are V-shaped and point upstream along a river | contour lines |
| opposite side of Prime Meridian | International Date Line |
| largest continent | Asia |
| largest and deepest ocean | Pacific |
| line that divides the globe into the Northern & Southern hemisphere | equator |
| Stars moving away from Earth appear to produce longer wavelengths and lower frequencies of light due to Doppler effect.In astronomy this is | red shift |
| Two evidences scientist use to support the Big bang Theory are ? | cosmic background radiation & red shift |
| The visible surface of the Sun is typically seen from Earth is the | photosphere |
| The Sun contains almost _ of the mass in our solar system | 100% |
| Which statement best describes the sun's hydrostatic equilibrium | outward push of sun's internal pressure balances inward force of gravity |
| tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes forming flat surfaces | cleavage |
| reaction that occurs when acid is put on carbonate minerals | fizzing (carbon dioxide gas produced) |
| the largest mineral grouup | silicates |
| process that occurs when dissolved substances are left behind in the form of minerals when water evaporates | precipitation |
| the building blocks of rocks (i.e. rocks are mixtures of these) | minerals |
| a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure and composition | mineral |
| pearly, glassy (vitreous), dull, and earthy are all terms that describe this mineral characteristic | luster |
| if material has a hardness (ex: 5.5) on Mohs scale, which substances can it scratch? which can it not scratch? | anything with a lesser hardness; anything with a greater hardness |
| what is the hardest mineral on the Mohs scale, and what is its hardness? | diamond; 10 |
| the point that is below where a earthqauke just happened is called a | epicenter |
| a volcano formed by partly explosive lava flows and has fluid lava flows is called a | composite volcano |
| a large bowl shaped crater is called an | caldera |
| Elements in stars can be identified by light they emit.A light fingerprint like hydrogen's demonstrated in the storage room,is a(n) _ spectrum | emission(bright-line) |
| all four hemispheres | Northern, Eastern, Southern, Western |
| 7 continents | North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, Antarctica |
| glassy volcanic glass that exhibits conchoidal fracture | obsidian |
| phase of the crescent moon curve like "C" | waning crescent |
| phase of moon with left half illuminated | 3rd quarter |
| phase of moon with right half illuminated | 1st quarter |
| phase of the crescent moon that looks like a backwards "c" | waxing crescent |
| first person to walk on the moon | Neil Armstrong |
| what order must objects be for a solar eclipse as viewed from Earth | sun, moon, Earth |
| the sun is much larger than the moon, but they appear to be the same size... why? | the moon is much closer to Earth |
| what force keeps the moon in orbit around Earth | Earth's gravity |
| where would a fissure that produces pillow lava most likely develop (about 2/3 of volconoism occurs here) | mid ocean ridge |
| What are found in sedimentary rocks that are rarely or never found in other types? | fossils |
| A sedimentary rock that contains rounded pebbles cemented together with pressure and chemicals in water is? | conglomerate |
| Metamorphic rocks can be classified as what? | Foliated or nonfoliated |
| Metamorphic rock transforms to sediments by what? | weathering and erosion. |
| Igneous rock transforms to metamorphic rock by what? | heat and pressure |
| What kind of rock is Scoria? | Vesicular |
| What kind of rock reacts with acid and is often used for statues and countertops? | Marbel |
| What rock is intrusive igneous with coarse crystals? | Granite |
| What does clastic mean? | little pieces |
| what describes igneous rocks that crystallize inside earth? | intrusive |
| how do you identify that atomic number of an element when looking at its Bohr model? | # of protons |
| What is the nucleus made of | protons/neutrons |
| This the most abundant (highest) of all the elements in the universe by mass? | hydrogen |
| The outermost,thickest,hottest part of the Sun's atmosphere | Corona |
| Energy-producing nuclear fusion occurs in the Sun's | Core |
| The diameter of the sun is closest to | 1 million kilometers |
| The Sun's is almost entirely composed of | H and He |
| Which galaxy shape best describes the Milky Way | Barred spiral |
| object that has such strong gravity that light cannot escape it | Black Hole |
| percent of the Sun's energy that strikes the atmosphere actually reaches Earth's surface | 50% |
| Interactions between solar winds and Earth's atmosphere produce | Auroras |
| Estimate age of the Universe | 10 - 15 billion years |
| The smallest building block of an element | Atom |
| The most abundant ( highest %) of all the elements in the whole Earth | Iron |
| The numbers of protons in an atom is equal to | The atomic number |
| The nucleus is made of | Protons and neutrons |
| flat lowland areas on the Moon made of dark basalt flows | maria |
| the point along the Moon's orbit when it is farthest from Earth | apogee |
| the point along the Moon's orbit when it is closest to Earth | perigee |
| powder like pyroclast produced by a volcano is known as? | ash |
| the ring of fire refers to | pacific ocean |
| what happens to crust when it exceeds its strength | failiure(breakage) |
| what is caused by water flowing down the side of a slope | erosion |
| what process does frost wedging primarily rely on | freezing & thawing |
| what are the initials for the two soil horizons that are classified as topsoil | O&A |
| In which soil horizon is humus and microscopic life most concentrated | O |
| what is the main cause of chemical weathering | oxygen/oxidation |
| what is the pH of normal rain | 5.5 |
| what type of rock is most chemically weathered by the pH of normal rainfall | limestone |
| what agent of erosion usually only moves small particles such as those in loess | wind |
| what mass movement causes vertical objects(poles,trees) to slowly lean downhill | creep |
| what is the erosion/weathering process in chronological order | weathering, erosion, and deposition |
| in which region(climate) is chemical weathering most rapid | warm,moist |
| seismic waves start at the | focus |
| size of the Moon's gravity compared to that of Earth | one-sixth as large |
| round impressions on the Moon's surface due to impacts | craters |
| at what angle is Earth's axis tilted with respect to the ecliptic plane (plane in which Earth orbits) | 23.5 degrees |
| approximate distance from the moon to Earth in miles | 240,000 miiles |
| the Sun is much larger than the Moon, but the Moon has more affect on Earth's tides... why? | the moon is much closer than the Sun to Earth |
| how long does it take the Moon to make 1 complete orbit around Earth | 27.3 days |
| first person to view the Moon, sunspots, and moons of Jupiter through a telescope | Galileo |
| days when there are 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness | equinoxes |
| days when there is either the most hours of daylight or the most of darkness | solstices |
| approximate dates for: summer solstice? winter solstice? autumnal equinox? vernal equinox? | June 21; December 21; September 21; March 21 |
| which of these features does the moon exhibit: atmosphere? liquid water? seismic activity? tectonics? magnetic field? volcanism? | NO; NO; YES; NO; NO; NO |
| how close a measurement is to its actual value | accuracy |
| broad explanation for the cause of a mathematical pattern in nature | theory |
| possible, testable solution to a scientific problem | hypothesis |
| major branch of earth science that studies: earth's composition? atmosphere and weather? Earth's waters, particularly salt-water? Earth's place in the solar system and universe? | geology; meteorology; oceanography; astronomy |
| earthqaukes arrive in what order | p waves, s waves, surface waves |
| all igneous instrusive bodies are refered to as | plutons |
| to locate an epi center you need ____ siesmograms | 3 |
| a description of a pattern in nature, often in mathematical form | scientific law |
| order in which these steps of the scientific method should be taken: conclusion, data, experiment, hypothesis | hypothesis -> experiment -> data -> conclusion |
| measure of the amount of matter in an object | mass |
| what are the SI abbreviations that mean: 1000? 1/1000? 1/100? | kilo-; milli-; centi- |
| term that evaluates the consistency of a set of measurements | precision |
| what is the boiling point of water in oC? freezing point? | 100; 0 |
| what is the mnemonic that helps you perform unit conversions and how do you use it? | King Hector Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk; is move left (or right), then decimal moves left (or right) the same # of spaces |
| do you remember what these pieces of lab equipment look like: beaker? flask? test tube? graduated cylinder? | yes; yes; yes; yes... :-) |
| manipulated variable in the "Effect of Fertilizer on Plant Growth" experiment | amount of fertilizer |
| responding variable in the "Effect of Fertilizer on Plant Growth" experiment | plant growth |
| experimental control in the "Effect of Fertilizer on Plant Growth" experiment | plant with no fertilizer |
| some constants in the "Effect of Fertilizer on Plant Growth" experiment | amount of water, soil, light, temperature; same plant types, etc. |
| what are the 3 subatomic particles found in atoms, and which 2 are ordinarily the same? | protons, neutrons, electrons; protons = electrons |
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