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OPT Genital
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hypospadias | abnormal opening of urethra on ventral side of penis; increased UTIs |
| epispadias | abnormal opening of urethra on dorsal side of penis; increased UTIs and incontinence |
| carcinoma of the penis | very rare in circumcised penises; associated with HPV |
| Bowen disease | carcinoma in situ of the penis, very early form of cancer |
| cryptorchidism | failure of the testes to drop |
| orchitis | inflammation of the testes which are swollen and tender |
| seminomas | cancer of the testes; remain localized, extremely radiosensitive and spread via lymphatics |
| nonseminomatous germ cell tumors | testicular cancer that spreads earlier, less radiosensitive and spreads via bloodstream |
| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate, can be acute or chronic |
| bacterial prostatitis | caused by same organisms as UTIs (E. coli) |
| nonbacterial prostatitis | chronic inflammation with negative bacterial cultures |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (nodular hyperplasia) | enlargement of the prostate, often with urinary symptoms and UTIs |
| carcinoma of the prostate | most common cancer in men; dysuria not immediate |
| prostate specific antigen (PSA) | marker in management of prostate cancer but can be elevated in other benign conditions too |
| syphilis (lues) | STD from spirochete Treponema pallidum; humans are only natural host |
| syphilitic reagin | nonspecific antibody for syphilis; can be detected by VDRL and RPR |
| treponemal antibody | specific antibody that requires more difficult but more accurate tests: FTA and MHATP |
| primary syphilis | main lesion is a chancre on average 3 weeks after exposure; {serologic tests are usually positive by weeks 4-6} |
| secondary syphilis | generalized lymph node enlargement with widespread mucocutaneous lesions, even on palms and soles; {all serologic tests are now positive} |
| mucous patches | localized spongiotic mucositis, in mouth and vagina; seen in secondary syphilis |
| condyloma lata | large, broad plaques in moist areas of skin |
| tertiary syphilis | occurs in 1/3 of untreated syphilis patients after 5+ years; manifests in CNS and CV systems (aorta) -{this stage is much less infectious} -{nonspecific tests are negative but treponema antibody tests are positive for life} |
| tabes dorsalis | spinal cord atrophy that produces loss of sensory feedback and ataxia |
| Argyll-Robertson pupil | small pupils that are unresponsive to light due to optic nerve atrophy |
| gumma | rubbery gray-white areas of necrosis, even in palate; from hypersensitivity to spirochete products and ischemia |
| congenital syphilis | syphilis that is transmitted through the placenta: stillbirth, infantile and late (tardive) types |
| infantile syphilis | infants that are born with or quickly develop secondary syphilitic lesions |
| late (tardive) congenital syphilis | untreated congenital syphilis for 2 years: saber shins, saddle nose, mulberry molars |
| Hutchinson triad | in congenital syphilis: interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson incisors and 8th nerve deafness |
| gonorrhea | caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae- a Gram negative diplococcus; produces copious pus and is easily cultured |
| gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum | blindness in infants from gonococcal contamination at birth |
| nongonococcal urethritis and cervicitis | most common STD, often from Chlamydia trachomatis |
| postgonococcal urethritis | persistence of infection after treating gonorrhea; treat with ceftriaxone and doxycycline |
| genital herpes simplex (herpes genitalis) | caused by herpes simplex virus, mostly simplex 2; small vesicles that quickly ulcerate |
| neonatal herpes | HSV infection of newborn that is often fatal |
| human papillomavirus (HPV) | cause of epithelial proliferations in genital tract |
| condyloma acuminatum | caused by HPV 6 and 11 on mucocutaneous surfaces; malignant transformation is uncommon |
| carcinoma of the vulva | most are squamous cell carcinomas, preceded by VIN |
| vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) | precedes vulvar carcinoma, exhibits all degrees of dysplasia to Bowen disease |
| vaginitis | inflammation of the vagina, often Candida albicans |
| cervicitis | inflammation of the cervix, extremely common; may lead to cancer with HPVs |
| cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) | dysplasia that is a precursor to cervical carcinoma, typically asymptomatic |
| low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) | dysplasia that should be carefully observed but most regress |
| high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) | dysplasia that should be surgically excised, 10% progress to cancer |
| menorrhagia | profuse or prolonged bleeding of uterus |
| metrorrhagia | irregular bleeding between periods |
| endometriosis | presence of endometrial glands in locations other than uterine lining; very painful |
| endometrial hyperplasia | hyperplasia of epithelial lining of uterus secondary to excess estrogen relative to progestin |
| carcinoma of the endometrium | arises from uterine lining from excess estrogens |
| leiomyomas | benign tumors of smooth muscle, called fibroids in the uterus |
| leiomyosarcomas | malignant tumors of smooth muscle, arise de novo and don't usually transform from leiomyomas |
| ovarian carcinoma | wide variety of types of this cancer |
| ectopic pregnancy | implantation of fertilized egg in any site other than the uterus, often in oviducts |
| gestational trophoblastic disease | tumors that arise in cells that make the placenta that can be left after abortive pregnancy or following birth |
| hydatidiform moles | benign lesions of gestational trophoblastic disease |
| invasive mole | locally invasive lesion of gestational trophoblastic disease |
| choriocarcinoma | very aggressive tumor of gestational trophoblastic disease |
| preeclampsia | development of hypertension, proteinuria and edema in 3rd trimester from improper sinusoid formation of fetus |
| eclampsia | convulsive seizures following preeclampsia; 'toxemia of pregnancy' |
| fibrocystic changes | exaggeration and distortion of cyclic breast changes during menstrual cycle, most are benign |
| fibroadenoma | most common benign tumor of the breast |
| carcinoma of the breast | tumors of the breast gland and duct cells |
| peau d'orange | thickened skin from blockage of lymph drainage by tumor |
| inflammatory carcinoma | rapid growth of breast carcinoma can cause an acute inflammatory reaction with swelling, redness, and tenderness |
Created by:
aharnold
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