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ENV 101 Final Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fossil fuels | organic matter cut off from O and applied heat and pressure |
| what is coal made of | terrestrial plant material |
| what is natural gas made of? | aquatic organisms |
| fracking | horizontal drilling method that makes pores in the shale to trap gas |
| tight oil | conventional gas in density but located in reservoirs with low permeability so get to by fracking |
| oil sands | deposits of large sand and partially consolidated sandstone which are low in density |
| oil shale | fine grained sedimentary rock with organic matter |
| coalted methane | methane stuck in the seams of rock |
| quality/quantity paradox | despite the high quantity, the quality of solar energy is lower |
| energy density | the quantity of energy contained per unit of mass of a fuel |
| power density | the rate at which energy can be produced from the source/geographic area |
| biomass | all earth's vegetation |
| biorefinery | a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment |
| geothermal | heat from radioactive decay deep within the earth |
| hydropower | hydroelectric power produced by force of falling H20 |
| Hydrogen energy | energy from electrolysis and reforming of fossil fuels |
| electrolysis | water turns into O and H gas |
| conservation of energy | doing the same things but with less energy |
| energy curtailing | doing different things with energy or with less energy |
| coal | remains of plants and animals compressed in earth |
| oil | liquid forms of decayed remains usually in ocean floor |
| nuclear power | use nuclear reaction of fission to generate power |
| solar power | converts sun's electromagnetic radiation to usable energy |
| climate change | shift in long-run average of weather |
| Temperature anomaly | departure from reference value/long term average of direct observations |
| instrumental record | direct measurements by thermometer |
| proxy record | indirect inferences from natural recorders of climate (corals, ice cores) |
| the greenhouse effect | the ability of the atmosphere to absorb energy with longer wavelengths, and convert them to heat, it is a natural phenomena |
| radiative forcing | amount of energy absorbed by gases that lie above earth's surface |
| Milankovic cyles | episodic nature of the earth's glacial and interglacial periods caused primarily by cyclical changes in the earth's circumnavigation of the sun |
| attribution | estimated cause and effect relationship between human activity and observed change in climate |
| watershed | area of land where all the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place |
| continental divide | a series of ridges through the rocky mountains that divide the country into 2 drainages |
| water withdrawal | water use that takes water out of the water source but can eventually be put back into the cycle |
| water consumption | water taken up by organism, it cannot be recycled |
| instream water use | don't remove water from water system (recreation, transport) |
| offstream water use | take water out of system to use it (industry, agriculture) |
| saltwater intrusion | when saltwater gets into groundwater well |
| genetic diversity | differences of DNA within and between populations |
| species richness | the number of species in a given area |
| evenness | how evenly balanced are the abundances of each species |
| ecosystem diversity | all living and nonliving things in an area and the variation between and within ecosystems |
| biodiversity | total diversity and variability of living things |
| allopatric speciation | due to geographic isolation |
| sympatric speciation | new species arise from within parent population |
| biocentric | biodiversity is important and non human species have value and have right to live regardless of their value or little value to humans |
| anthropocentric | human species have more value and the importance of other species should be measured by value to humans |
| endemic species | a species unique to a defined location and conditions, which makes it at great risk of extinction |
| keystone species | species whose presence and numbers control the integrity of a community or ecosystem |
| background extinction | normal extinction of species that occurs as a result of change in local environmental conflicts |
| mass extinction | lose large percent of species |
| fragmentation | cutting into biodiversity with roads in jungles, etc |
| alien species | anything not native |
| invasive species | alien and takes over everything |
| endangered species | danger of extinction |
| threatened species | likely to become endangered |
| exsitu | preserving biodiversity out of the habitat |
| insitu | preserving biodiversity in the habitat |
| soil horizon | layer of soil |
| mechanical weathering | physical breakdown |
| chemical weathering | breakdown reactions with water and atmospheric gasses |
| crop rotation | different crops use different nutrients |
| terrace farming | decrease slope by creating layers with small flat fields, which will prevent soil from eroding as quickly |
| shelterbelts | rows of trees to break up wind flow |
| conservation tillage | leave leftover material for increased roughness and nutrients in soil |
| halogen depletion hypothesis | CFCs react with short wave energy which reacts with chlorine and depletes ozone |
| Odd Nitrogen Hypothesis | ozone reacts with hydrogen to deplete ozone |
| dynamic uplift hypothesis | areas with lots of ozone mixing in more ozone rich areas |
| food insecurity | unable to acquire enough food to meet needs of all members of community due to insufficient funds or lack other resources |
| undernourishment | inadequate nutrition resulting from lack of food or lack of food that has enough nutritional value |
| obesity | a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health |
| cereals | edible seeds from grass family |
| pulses | edible seeds of flowering plants |
| oilseed | food crops grown from oil content |
| roots and tubers | thickened underground part of stem |
| veggies | any part of plant that's consumed |
| fruits | sweet fleshy products from trees and plants that contain seeds |
| nut | fruit composed of hard shell |
| nutrition transition | the shift of dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincide with economic, demographic and public health change |
| subsistence farming | enough to cover own needs |
| shifting cultivation | degrading soil and not very efficient use of farming in an area and then leaving it |
| feedlot | cows in one area that are fed feed |
| pasture | animals roam and eat natural grass |
| primary pollutants | enter atmosphere in form that directly causes harm |
| secondary pollutants | formed from primary pollutants |
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